فلزات در پزشکی. جلد ۲: نانوذرات فلزی برای کاربردهای بیومدیکال

Metals in Medicine, published in two volumes, provides detailed information on and applications of metalcontaining compounds that function as essential tools in medical science for the imaging and diagnosis of disease as well for the prevention and treatment of many diseases. Volume 2 deals with the application of metal-active drugs for disease treatment and diagnosis. It explores the application of gold, silver, zinc, and other metallic nanoparticles for tissue engineering as well as their role in cancer therapy, offering real-life applications. Cover Half Title Metals in Medicine. Volume 2: Metallic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications Copyright Dedication About the Editors Contents Contributors Abbreviations Foreword Preface 1. Gold-based Nanoparticles and Their Applications in Cancer Therapy ABSTRACT 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 CANCER THERAPY AND AUNPS MEDICINAL APPLICATIONS 1.2.1 DRUG DELIVERY 1.2.2 PHOTOTHERMAL THERAPY 1.2.3 PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY 1.2.4 RADIOFREQUENCY THERAPY 1.3 SYNTHESIS OF AuNPs 1.3.1 PHYSICAL METHODS 1.3.2 CHEMICAL METHODS 1.3.3 BIOLOGICAL AND GREEN (PLANT-BASED) METHODS 1.4 BIOCOMPATIBILITY AND CYTOTOXICITY OF AuNPs 1.4.1 EVALUATION METHODS FOR TOXICITY 1.4.2 SAFETY MEASURES AND REGULATIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS KEYWORDS REFERENCES 2. Zinc Oxide Nanoformulations for Cancer Therapy ABSTRACT 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.1.1 ENABLING FEATURES OF CANCER 2.1.2 ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES (ZnO NP) 2.1.3 THERAPEUTIC USES OF ZnO NP 2.1.4 CHEMISTRY OF ZnO AND ITS NANOPARTICLES 2.1.5 CLASSIFICATION AND MORPHOLOGY OF ZINC OXIDE NANOMATERIALS 2.2 SYNTHESIS OF ZnO NPS 2.3 POSSIBLE MECHANISMS AND CELL-BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ZnO 2.4 ROLE OF ZnO NPS IN DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF CANCER 2.4.1 BIOSENSORS 2.4.2 BIO-IMAGING 2.5 ZINC OXIDE-BASED NANOFORMULATIONS AND NANOCOMPOSITE FOR CANCER TREATMENT 2.6 ZnO NANOPARTICLES IN SUSTAINED AND TARGETED DELIVERY OF ANTICANCEROUS DRUGS 2.6.1 SUSTAIN DRUG DELIVERY 2.6.2 TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY 2.7 ZnO NANOPARTICLES AS A CARRIER OF ANTICANCEROUS BIOACTIVE COMPOUND 2.8 CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS KEYWORDS CONFLICT OF INTEREST REFERENCES 3. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Disease Diagnosis ABSTRACT 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 ZINC: AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT 3.2.1 SIGNIFICANCE OF ZINC IN HUMAN BODY 3.2.2 COMPOUNDS OF ZINC AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL ROLE 3.3 ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES 3.3.1 GENERAL SYNTHESIS METHODS OF ZnO NPS 3.3.2 FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF ZnO NPS 3.3.3 MORPHOLOGY OF ZnO NPS 3.4 ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES (ZnO NPS) IN DISEASE DIAGNOSIS 3.5 ZnO NPS IN DIAGNOSIS OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE 3.6 ZNO NPS IN DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER 3.6.1 BREAST CANCER 3.6.2 ORAL CANCER 3.6.3 CERVICAL CANCER 3.6.4 LEUKEMIA CELLS 3.7 ZnO NPS IN DIAGNOSIS OF OTHER DISEASES AS WELL AS ANALYTES 3.8 TOXICITY OF ZnO NPS 3.9 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS KEYWORDS REFERENCES 4. Zinc Oxide Nanocarriers for Therapeutic Applications ABSTARCT 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ZNO-NPS 4.3 THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS OF ZNO NANOCARRIERS 4.3.1 ANTIDIABETIC ACTION 4.3.2 ANTICANCER ACTIVITY 4.3.3 BIOIMAGING 4.3.4 ANTIBACTERIAL ACTION 4.3.5 ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTION 4.3.6 WOUND HEALING 4.4 DRUG DELIVERY 4.5 HEALTH RISKS OF ZNO NANOPARTICLES 4.6 CONCLUSION KEYWORDS REFERENCES 5. Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications ABSTRACT 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.2 SYNTHESIS OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES 5.3 PROPERTIES OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES 5.4 FUNCTIONALIZATION OF AUNPS 5.5 APPLICATIONS OF AUNPS IN BIOMEDICAL 5.5.1 BIOSENSING USING AUNPS 5.5.2 AUNPS IN DIAGNOSTICS 5.5.2.1 VISUALIZATION METHODS 5.5.2.1.1 Raman Imaging 5.5.2.1.2 Dark-Field Microscopy (DFM) 5.5.2.1.3 Photoacoustic Imaging (PAI) 5.5.2.1.4 Computed Tomography (CT) 5.5.3 AUNPS IN THERAPY 5.5.4 AUNPS IN GENE DELIVERY 5.5.5 DRUG DELIVERY CARRIERS USING AUNPS 5.6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE KEYWORDS REFERENCES 6. Silver/Gold Nanoparticle for Photothermal Therapy of Cancer ABSTRACT 6.1 INORGANIC NANOPARTICLES 6.2 GREEN METHODOLOGIES OF Ag/Au NPs 6.3 SURFACE CHARACTERIZATION 6.4 PROPERTIES OF Ag NPs AND Au NPs 6.5 Ag AND Au NPs FOR DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS 6.6 Ag AND Au NPs FOR OPTICAL IMAGING SYSTEMS 6.7 POLYMER/Ag NPs AND Au NPs FOR CANCER TREATMENT 6.8 APPLICATION OF NANOPARTICLES IN PHOTOTHERMAL THERAPY 6.9 CHALLENGE, SCOPE, AND FUTURE PROSPECT OF Ag/Au NPs 6.10 CONCLUSION KEYWORDS REFERENCES 7. Silver and Gold Nanoparticles for Tissue Engineering Application ABSTRACT 7.1 INTRODUCTION OF SILVER AND GOLD NANOPARTICLES 7.2 SILVER AND GOLD NANOPARTICLES APPLICATION IN TISSUE ENGINEERING 7.2.1 IMPROVEMENT IN CELL PROLIFERATION RATES 7.2.2 IMPROVEMENT OF SCAFFOLD MECHANICS 7.2.3 IMPROVEMENT IN ELECTRIC PROPERTIES 7.2.4 ANTIMICROBIAL APPLICATIONS 7.2.5 STIMULATION OF CELLS FOR MECHANOTRANSDUCTION 7.2.6 BIMOLECULAR DETECTION 7.3 CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 7.4 CONCLUSION KEYWORDS REFERENCES 8. Impact of Metallic Nanoparticles for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine ABSTRACT 8.1INTRODUCTION 8.2 GOLD NANOPARTICLES 8.2.1 COMPOSITION AND CHARACTERISTICS 8.2.2 MEDICINAL PROPERTIES 8.2.3 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES 8.2.3.1 LOCALIZED SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE (LSPR) 8.2.3.1.1 Surface Enhancement Raman Spectroscopy 8.2.3.1.2 Surface Enhanced Fluoresce 8.2.3.1.3 Photosensitization 8.2.3.2 RADIOACTIVITY 8.2.3.3 HIGH ATOMIC NUMBER 8.2.4 BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 8.2.4.1 BIOCOMPATIBILITY 8.2.4.2 TARGETING 8.2.4.3 DELIVERY 8.2.4.3.1 Drug Delivery 8.2.4.3.2 Gene Delivery 8.2.5 SCAFFOLDS CONSTRUCTION OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES IN TISSUE ENGINEERING 8.2.6 APPLICATIONS 8.2.7 ENGINEERING OF CARDIAC TISSUE WITH GOLD NANOPARTICLES 8.2.8 ENGINEERING OF NEURAL TISSUE WITH GOLD NANOPARTICLES 8.2.9 ENGINEERING OF BONE TISSUE WITH GOLD NANOPARTICLES 8.2.10 ENGINEERING OF WOUND WITH GOLD NANOPARTICLES 8.3 SILVER NANOPARTICLES 8.3.1 COMPOSITION AND CHARACTERISTICS 8.3.2 GENERAL PROPERTIES AND MECHANISM OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES 8.3.3 ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLE 8.3.4 ANTICANCER PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLE 8.3.5 OPTICAL PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLE 8.3.6 METHODS FOR SYNTHESIZING OF AuNP’s 8.3.6.1 TOP–DOWN APPROACH 8.3.6.2 BOTTOM–UP APPROACH 8.3.6.2.1 Chemical Synthesis 8.3.6.2.2 Biological Synthesis 8.3.7 APPLICATIONS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES IN TISSUE ENGINEERING 8.3.8 BONE ENGINEERING FROM SILVER NANOPARTICLES 8.3.9 WOUND HEALING FROM SILVER NANOPARTICLES 8.3.10 DENTISTRY FROM SILVER NANOPARTICLES 8.3.11 OTHER BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES 8.4 PROS AND CONS OF Au AND Ag NANOPATICLE 8.5 CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGMENT KEYWORDS REFERENCE 9. Principal Applications of Gold Nanoparticles in the Biomedical Field ABSTRACT 9.1 INTRODUCTION 9.2 GOLD NANOPARTICLE’S HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 9.3 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 9.4 BIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR SYNTHESIS 9.5 BIOMEDICAL APPLICATION OF GOLD NANOPARTICLE 9.5.1 GOLD NANOPARTICLE IN CANCER THERAPY 9.5.2 GOLD NANOPARTICLES IN DRUG DELIVERY 9.5.3 GOLD NANOPARTICLES IN BIOIMAGING 9.5.4 GOLD NANOPARTICLES IN TISSUE ENGINEERING 9.5.5 GOLD NANOPARTICLES AS ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIFUNGAL, AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS 9.5.6 GOLD NANOPARTICLES IN GENE DELIVERY 9.6 CONCLUSION KEYWORDS REFERENCES 10. Peculiarities of Blood Iron Balance During Arterial Hypertension Recovery According to the Centralized Aerobic–Anaerobic Balance Compensation ABSTRACT 10.1 [FE], [HB], AND NCDS 10.2 A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF IRON ROLE IN HUMAN BODY 10.3 LIVER 10.4 MACROPHAGES 10.5 RED BLOOD CELLS 10.6 HEMOGLOBIN 10.7 TCAAEBC 10.8 DYNAMICS OF HEMOGLOBIN AND HCT OVER THE TREATMENT 10.8.1 STUDY DESIGN 10.8.2 SAMPLE SELECTION 10.8.3 THERAPY 10.8.4 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 10.9 RESULTS 10.10 CONCLUSION KEYWORDS REFERENCES 11. Toxicological Effect of Platinum and Palladium Nanoparticles ABSTRACT 11.1 INTRODUCTION 11.2 POSSIBLE PD-NP APPLICATIONS 11.3 PLANT MODELS 11.4 IN VITRO STUDIES 11.5 ANIMAL CELLS 11.6 HUMAN CELLS 11.6.1 CYTOTOXIC EFFECTS 11.6.2 EX VIVO STUDIES 11.6.3 IN VIVO STUDIES 11.7 ANIMAL MODELS 11.8 MODIFICATIONS OF PLATINUM- AND PALLADIUM-BASED MOLECULES 11.8.1 Pd-BASED COMPOUNDS 11.8.2 PLATINUM–PALLADIUM COMPLEX NANOCARRIERS 11.9 Pl-Pd COMPOUNDS IN CLINICAL TRIALS 11.10 PALLADIUM NANOPARTICLES FOR ANTITUMOR THERAPY 11.11 CONCLUSION KEYWORDS REFERENCES 12. Utilization of Palladium in Photothermal Therapy of Cancer ABSTRACT 12.1 INTRODUCTION 12.2 PREPARATION OF PHPD-NPS 12.3 APPLICATIONS OF PALLADIUM IN PHOTOTHERMAL THERAPY OF CANCER 12.3.1 PALLADIUM IN PHOTOTHERMAL THERAPY OF CANCER 12.3.2 PHOTOTHERMAL THERAPY (PTT) 12.3.3 COMBINED PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY AND PTT 12.3.4 COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY AND PTT 12.3.5 COMBINED RADIOTHERAPY AND PTT 12.3.6 COMBINED PHOTOTHERMAL THERAPY AND IMMUNOTHERAPY 12.3.7 COMBINED HYDROGEN THERAPY AND PTT 12.3.8 PRODRUG ACTIVATION FOR CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY 12.4 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE CHALLENGES KEYWORDS REFERENCES 13. Role of Gold Nanoparticles as Novel Agents for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy ABSTRACT 13.1 INTRODUCTION 13.2 METHODS FOR THE GOLD NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIS 13.2.1 CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES 13.2.2 BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES 13.3 PASSIVE TARGETING STRATEGIES WITH AU-NPS 13.3.1 FACTORS AFFECTING PASSIVE TARGETING FOR CANCER THERAPY 13.3.2 TARGETING 13.3.3 ACTIVE TARGETING STRATEGIES BY AU-NPS 13.4 APPLICATIONS OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES (AU-NPS) 13.5 AN INNOVATIVE METHOD TO PREVENT TRANSCRIPTION IS DNA INTERFERENCE (DNAI) 13.6 TREATMENTS (PTT, PDT, AND RT) 13.7 DIAGNOSTICS 13.8 GREEN AU-NPS IN CANCER THERAPY 13.9 NEW NANOBIOTECHNOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES IN DIAGNOSIS 13.10 ANALYSIS OF MICROARRAY DATA OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES 13.10.1 MICROARRAY DATA 13.10.2 PROCESSING OF DATA 13.10.3 ANALYSIS OF DEG FUNCTION AND PATHWAY ENRICHMENT 13.10.4 ANALYSIS OF ENRICHMENT PATHWAYS 13.10.5 STRING ANALYSIS 13.11 CONCLUSION KEYWORDS REFERENCES Index