فلزات در پزشکی. جلد اول: فلزات برای مهندسی بافت و کاربردهای دارویی

Metals in Medicine, published in two volumes, provides detailed information on and applications of metal-containing compounds that function as essential tools in medical science for the imaging and diagnosis of disease as well for the prevention and treatment of many diseases. Volume 1 offers a curated collection of the latest medicinal and inorganic chemical research featuring metals for medicinal applications. It covers the use of metallic foams, metallic nanocarriers, metal organic frameworks of bioimaging and biosensing application, metallic scaffolds for tissue engineering, and much more. The volume also presents the valuable therapeutic and diagnostic properties of metallic drugs, connecting the fields of inorganic chemistry and medicine. Cover Half Title Metals in Medicine. Volume 1: Metals for Tissue Engineering and Pharmaceutical Applications Copyright Dedication About the Editors Contents Contributors Abbreviations Foreword Preface 1. Recent Advancements in Nanoporous Metal Foams for Biomedical Applications: Processing and Mechanical Properties ABSTRACT 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR NANOPOROUS METAL FOAMS 1.2.1 DEALLOYING APPROACHES 1.2.1.1 CHEMICAL DEALLOYING 1.2.1.2 ELECTROCHEMICAL DEALLOYING 1.2.1.3 LIQUID METAL DEALLOYING “LMD” 1.2.1.4 VAPOR PHASE DEALLOYING 1.2.1.5 SOLID PHASE DEALLOYING 1.3 TEMPLATING APPROACHES 1.3.1 SOFT TEMPLATING APPROACHES 1.3.2 HARD TEMPLATING 1.3.3 HYDROGEN BUBBLES TEMPLATING TECHNIQUE (DHBT) 1.4 SOL–GEL APPROACHES 1.5 MICROWAVE-BASED FABRICATION OF NANOPOROUS MATERIALS MW 1.6 ION BEAM-INDUCED FABRICATION 1.7 LASER-INDUCED FABRICATION 1.8 PYROLYSIS OF METAL SALT/DEXTRAN PASTES 1.9 COMBUSTION SYNTHESIS (CS) 1.10 BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1.10.1 IMPLANT 1.10.2 DRUG DISTRIBUTION 1.10.3 CANCER TREATMENT 1.10.4 PHOTODYNAMIC TREATMENT 1.10.5 BIOSENSORS 1.10.6 IMMUNOISOLATION 1.10.7 BIOMOLECULE SEPARATION AND CLASSIFICATION 1.10.8 ANTIBACTERIAL SOFTWARE 1.11 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND PROSPECTIVE VIEWS KEYWORDS REFERENCES 2. Metallic Biomaterials for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications ABSTRACT 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 USES OF BIOMATERIALS 2.3 DESIRED PROPERTIES OF BIOMATERIALS 2.3.1 BIOCOMPATIBILITY 2.3.2 HOST RESPONSE 2.3.3 NONTOXICITY 2.3.4 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 2.3.5 CORROSION, WEAR, AND FATIGUE PROPERTIES 2.3.6 DESIGN AND MANUFACTURABILITY 2.4 TYPES OF BIOMATERIALS 2.4.1 METALLIC BIOMATERIALS 2.4.2 APPLICATIONS AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 2.4.3 COBALT-BASED ALLOYS 2.4.4 TITANIUM-BASED ALLOYS 2.4.5 POLYMERS 2.4.6 APPLICATIONS OF BIOMATERIALS 2.5 CONCLUSION REFERENCES 3. Metallic Nanocarrier for Bone Tissue Engineering ABSTRACT 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 TYPES OF NANOPARTICLES 3.2.1 METALLIC-BASED NANOPARTICLES 3.2.2 METALLIC OXIDE-BASED NANOPARTICLES 3.2.3 METAL SULFIDE–BASED NANOPARTICLES 3.2.4 METAL–ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS 3.3 CLASSIFICATION OF METALLIC-BASED NANOPARTICLES (MNPs) 3.3.1 Zn-BASED NANODELIVERY PLATFORM 3.3.2 Fe-BASED NANODELIVERY PLATFORM 3.3.3 Zr-BASED NANODELIVERY PLATFORM 3.3.4 Cu-BASED NANODELIVERY PLATFORM 3.3.5 Ti-BASED NANODELIVERY PLATFORM 3.3.6 Ag-BASED NANODELIVERY PLATFORM 3.3.7 Au-BASED NANODELIVERY PLATFORM 3.3.8 ADDITIONAL METAL MOF NANODELIVERY SYSTEMS 3.4 MNPs ARE USED TO TREAT BONE DISEASES 3.4.1 BONE REGROWTH 3.4.2 BONE TUMOR 3.4.3 OSTEOMYELITIS 3.4.4 OSTEOARTHRITIS 3.5 CHALLENGES OF MNPs 3.6 TOXICOLOGY 3.7 COMPLICATIONS IN CREATING MNPs 3.8 FUTURE FOCUS ON MNPs 3.9 CONCLUSION KEYWORDS REFERENCES 4. Metallic Foams for Biomedical Application ABSTRACT 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 SUITABILITY OF METAL FOAMS 4.2.1 BIOCOMPATIBILITY 4.2.2 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 4.2.3 REPRODUCIBILITY 4.2.4 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES 4.2.5 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 4.3 SOME COMMON METALS USED IN BIOMEDICAL FIELD 4.4 BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 4.4.1 STAINLESS STEEL 4.4.2 IRON FOAM 4.4.3 MAGNESIUM 4.4.4 TITANIUM AND ITS ALLOYS 4.4.5 COBALT–CHROMIUM ALLOYS 4.4.6 TANTALUM 4.5 MANUFACTURERS OF METALLIC FOAMS 4.6 FUTURE PROSPECTS 4.7 CONCLUSION REFERENCES 5. Role of Metal–Organic Framework in Therapeutic Delivery ABSTRACT 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.2 BIOCOMPATIBILITY AND TOXICITY 5.3 METHODS OF PREPARATION 5.3.1 BOTTLE AROUND SHIP (BAS) 5.3.2 SHIP IN A BOTTLE (SIB) 5.4 AMORPHOUS AND POROUS NATURE OF MOFS 5.5 CHARACTERIZATION OF MOFS 5.6 PROCESS PARAMETERS 5.7 APPLICATIONS OF MOFs 5.7.1 BIOSENSING 5.7.2 BIOIMAGING 5.7.3 BIOCATALYSIS 5.7.4 MOFS IS THERAPEUTIC DELIVERY 5.8 MODIFICATION OF MOFS FOR THERAPEUTIC DRUG DELIVERY 5.9 MOF VACCINES 5.10 MOFS IN CANCER 5.11 MOFs FOR ANTIBACTERIAL THERAPY 5.12 CONCLUSION KEYWORDS REFERENCES 6. Metal–Organic Framework in Bioimaging and Biosensing Application ABSTRACT 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.2 USE OF MOFS IN BIOSENSING 6.2.1 DETECTION OF NUCLEIC ACID (DNA AND RNA) 6.2.2 MONITORING ENZYME ACTIVITY 6.2.3 SENSING SMALL BIOMOLECULES 6.2.4 OTHER BIOSENSING APPLICATIONS 6.3 APPLICATION OF MOFS IN BIOIMAGING 6.3.1 INTRACELLULAR IMAGING 6.3.2 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) 6.3.3 DUAL-MODE IMAGING WITH MRI AND CT 6.4 SUMMARY KEYWORDS REFERENCES 7. Synthesis, Properties, and Biomedical Application of Platinum and Palladium-based Nanoparticles ABSTRACT 7.1 INTRODUCTION 7.2 METHODS OF SYNTHESIS OF PTNPS AND PDNPs 7.2.1 PHYSICAL METHODS 7.2.2 CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS 7.2.3 BIOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS 7.3 STRUCTURAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF PTNPs AND PDNPs 7.3.1 STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES 7.3.2 OPTICAL PROPERTIES 7.4 BIOMEDICAL APPLICATION OF PTNPs AND PDNPs 7.4.1 IN BIOIMAGING 7.4.2 IN THERAPEUTICS 7.4.3 DRUG-DELIVERY APPLICATIONS 7.4.4 IN BIOSENSING 7.4.5 IN ANTIBACTERIAL THERAPY 7.4.6 IN BIOMEDICAL IMPLANTS AND DEVICES CONSTRUCTION 7.5 TOXICITY RELEVANCE OF PTNPs AND PDNPs 7.6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES ACKNOWLEDGMENT REFERENCES 8. Stimuli-responsive Drug-delivery Carrier Using Metal–Organic Framework ABSTRACT 8.1 INTRODUCTION 8.1.1 METAL–ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS (MOFs) 8.1.2 STIMULI-RESPONSIVE DRUG-DELIVERY SYSTEM 8.1.3 APPLICATIONS OF STIMULI-RESPONSIVE DRUG-DELIVERY SYSTEMS Internally Regulated systems Enzyme Responsive Systems Externally Regulated system 8.2 STIMULI-RESPONSIVE MOFS FOR DRUG DELIVERY 8.2.1 PH-RESPONSIVE MOFs 8.2.2 MAGNETICALLY RESPONSIVE METAL–ORGANIC FRAMEWORK 8.2.3 ION-RESPONSIVE METAL–ORGANIC FRAMEWORK 8.2.4 THERMAL RESPONSIVE METAL–ORGANIC FRAMEWORK 8.2.5 PRESSURE-RESPONSIVE MOFs 8.2.6 PHOTORESPONSIVE MOFs 8.2.7 MOISTURE-RESPONSIVE MOFs 8.2.8 REDOX-RESPONSIVE MOFs 8.2.9 ATP-RESPONSIVE MOFs 8.2.10 COMPETITIVE BINDING AGENT’S RESPONSIVE STIMULI 8.3 MULTIPLE STIMULI-RESPONSIVE MOFs 8.4 CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS 8.5 CONCLUSION KEYWORDS REFERENCES 9. Metallic Scaffold for Tissue Engineering ABSTRACT 9.1 INTRODUCTION 9.1.1 TISSUE ENGINEERING’S IMPORTANCE 9.1.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF SCAFFOLD 9.1.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STRUCTURE 9.2 MATERIALS AND LIMITATIONS OF CURRENTLY USED METALLIC SCAFFOLDS 9.2.1 TANTALUM 9.2.2 MAGNESIUM 9.2.3 TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS 9.2.4 NICKEL–TITANIUM ALLOY (NITINOL) 9.3 CONCLUSION KEYWORDS REFERENCES Index