Metallography and Microstructure in Ancient and Historic Metals (Getty Trust Publications: Getty Conservation Institute)

This book provides an introduction to the structure and morphology of ancient and historic metallic materials. It deals extensively with many practical matters relating to the mounting, preparation, etching, polishing, and microscopy of metallic samples and includes an account of the way in which phase diagrams can be used to assist structural interpretation. The text is supplemented by an extensive number of microstructural studies carried out in the laboratory on ancient and historic metals. Cover ......Page 1 Title Page ......Page 4 Copyright ......Page 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 8 Foreword......Page 10 Acknowledgments......Page 12 List of Color Plates and Figures......Page 14 Color Plates......Page 16 Body-Centered Cubic (BCC)......Page 22 Dislocations......Page 23 Notes......Page 24 Casting......Page 26 Working......Page 27 3. Two-phased Materials......Page 32 Eutectic Structures......Page 33 Eutectoid Structures......Page 36 Peritectic Structures......Page 38 Widmanstatten Transformations......Page 41 Discontinuous Precipitation......Page 42 Intermetallic Compound Formation......Page 43 Immiscible Structures......Page 44 4. The Microstructure of Tin Bronzes......Page 46 5. Notes on the Structure of Carbon Steels......Page 52 6. Martensite in Low-carbon Steels......Page 54 7. The Tempering of Martensite......Page 56 8. Structure and Properties of Cast I ron......Page 58 Microstructural Constituents......Page 59 Temper Carbon Nodules......Page 60 Notes......Page 63 9. Corroded Microstructures......Page 64 10. Reflected Polarized Light M icroscopy......Page 71 11. Grain Sizes of Ancient Metals......Page 73 12. Metallography and Ancient Metals......Page 79 Note......Page 81 13. Metallographic Sampling of Metals......Page 83 Embedding the Sample......Page 85 Grinding......Page 87 Polishing......Page 88 15. Recording Results......Page 89 Etchants for iron, steel, and cast iron......Page 91 Etchants for lead alloys......Page 93 Etchants fo r silver alloys......Page 94 Interference film etchants for color effects......Page 95 Notes on use of these reagents fo r color etching and tinting of copper alloys......Page 96 Polyester......Page 97 18. Microhardness Testing......Page 99 Appendix A: Common Microstructural Shapes......Page 101 Appendix B: Microstructure of Corroded Metals......Page 103 Appendix C: Microhardness Values for Different Alloys and Metals......Page 104 Tin......Page 106 Casting and Working Techniques......Page 107 Silver-copper alloy coin......Page 108 Islamic inlaid inkwell cast in a copper tin-zinc-Iead alloy......Page 109 Palestinian bronze sword......Page 110 Roman wrought iron......Page 111 Ecuadorian copper-alloy nose-ring......Page 112 Cast arsenical copper axe......Page 114 Thai bronze cast bell......Page 115 Fragment of a Thai bronze container......Page 116 Colombian cast Simi ear ornament......Page 117 Cast iron cannonball from Sandal Castle......Page 118 Roman brass coin......Page 119 Thai bronze container fragment......Page 120 Gold alloy nail and gold ear spool......Page 121 Blade section......Page 122 Roman copper alloy coin......Page 123 Native copper......Page 124 Head of a toggle pin......Page 125 Javanese iron blade......Page 126 brass......Page 127 Gilded silver earring......Page 128 Fragment of a small Simi ear ornament......Page 129 Roman bronze figurine......Page 130 Renaissance silver basin......Page 131 Circular bracelet fr om Thailand......Page 133 Roman bronze bowl......Page 134 Early Medieval brass sheet......Page 135 Byzantine leaf-shaped blade......Page 136 Set of panpipes......Page 137 Byzantine dagger blade......Page 138 Roman coin of Victor en......Page 139 iron......Page 140 Tin ingot fr om Cornwall......Page 141 Appendix G: Phase Diagrams......Page 143 Brass......Page 159 Brinell Casting......Page 160 Dendritic......Page 161 Fusion gilding......Page 162 Latten......Page 163 Liquidus......Page 164 Silver......Page 165 Strain lines......Page 166 Zinc......Page 167 Bibliography......Page 169 Index......Page 173