فلز، کوچ‌نشینان و تماس فرهنگی: خاورمیانه و شمال آفریقا (رویکردهای باستان‌شناسی انسان‌شناختی)

The fifth and fourth millennia BCE saw major cultural changes in the southern Levant and Northeast Africa: the spread of agriculture; developments in animal husbandry; increased contact between cultures; and the use of alloy bronze.'Metal, Nomads and Culture Contact'integrates archaeological data from across the Chalcolithic period to contextualise these changes. The book examines the introduction of metal to the southern Levant, Egypt and Lower Nubia and the role of pastoral nomadism in cultural interaction and exchange.'Metal, Nomads and Culture Contact'will be valuable to scholars of archaeology and anthropology. Cover 1 Half Title 2 Title Page 4 Copyright Page 5 Table of Contents 6 List of Figures 8 Acknowledgements 10 Preface 12 1 Introduction 14 2 Perspectives and Approaches 16 3 The 5th and 4th Millennia BC of the Southern Levant 33 The Present and Past Environment 33 The Late Neolithic 38 The Chalcolithic Period 46 The Early Bronze Age I 57 Concluding Remarks 67 4 The 5th and 4th Millennia BC of Northeast Africa 69 Present and Past Environment 69 The Late Neolithic in Egypt and Nubia—the 5th Millennium 71 The Predynastic Periods of Egypt: Naqada And Maadi—the 4th Millennium 80 Lower Nubia in the 4th Millennium—the Nubian A-Group 86 Concluding Remarks 92 5 The Role of Nomadic Pastoralists 93 Present Nomads in Northeast Africa and the Southern Levant 94 Archaeology and Nomadic Pastoralists 101 Pastrol Nomadism in Northeast Africa and the Southern Levant during the 5th and 4th Millennia BC? 105 Concluding Remarks 125 6 The Role of Copper in the Late 5th and 4th Millennia BC 126 Metallurgy—Mining, Smelting and Casting 126 Copper Artefacts And Contexts 141 Metallurgical Aspects of Copper 174 Copper Beyond Egypt and Nubia 178 Concluding Remarks 179 7 Contact, Specialization and Value 182 Contact and Exchange in the 5th and 4th Millennia 182 Growing Focus on Specialization and Ritualization 198 The Social Value of Early Copper 202 Concluding Remarks 210 8 Conclusion 211 Bibliography 215 Index 241 The Middle East and North Africa Introduction Perspectives and approaches Secondary products and nomads The 5th and 4th millennia BC of the Southern Levant The present and past environment The late neolithic The chalcolithic period The early bronze age Chronology and terminology The last centuries of the 4th millennium in the Southern Levant Concluding remarks The 5th and 4th millennia BC of North-East Africa Present and past environment The late neolithic in Egypt and Nubia The 5th millennium Pastoralism and food production of the western desert of Egypt The predynastic periods of Egypt : Naqada and Maadi The 4th millennium Lower Nubia in the 4th millennium The Nubian a-group The timing of the Nubian a-group Concluding remarks The role of nomadic pastoralists Present nomads in North East Africa and the Southern Levant Archaeology and nomadic pastoralists Pastoral nomadism in Northeast Africa and the Southern Levant during the 5th and 4th millennia BC Concluding remarks The role of copper in the late 5th and 4th millennia BC Metallurgy, mining, smelting and casting copper artefacts and contexts Metallurgical aspects of copper Copper beyond Egypt and Africa Concluding remarks Contact, specialisation and value Contact and exchange in the 5th and 4th millennia Growing focus on specialisation and ritualisation The social value of early copper Concluding remarks Conclusion. "This book contextualizes and synthezises the major cultural changes that took place in the southern Levant and northeast Africa during the 5th and 4th millennia BC. The basis is the major changes that took place with reference to animal husbandry, agriculture, exchange and interaction. The focus of the book is the introduction of metal to the southern Levant, Egypt and Lower Nubia and the role of pastoral nomadism in a context of cultural change and contact. The implications of these developments are discussed in a context of increased exchange and the development of more complex societies. With reference to the introduction of metal, the implications are explored on a social level concerning the exchange system, social transformation and the role of metal in these societies."--Publisher's description. Lower Nubia in the 4th Millennium-the Nubian A-Group -- Concluding Remarks -- 5 The Role of Nomadic Pastoralists -- Present Nomads in Northeast Africa and the Southern Levant -- Archaeology and Nomadic Pastoralists -- Pastoral Nomadism in Northeast Africa and the Southern Levant during the 5th and 4th Millennia BC? -- Concluding Remarks -- 6 The Role of Copper in the Late 5th and 4th Millennia BC -- Metallurgy-Mining, Smelting and Casting -- Copper Artefacts And Contexts -- Metallurgical Aspects of Copper -- Copper Beyond Egypt and Nubia -- Concluding Remarks