Metal, Metal Oxides and Metal Sulphides for Biomedical Applications

"Sustainability rests on the principle that we must meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Starving people in poor nations, obesity in rich nations, increasing food prices, on-going climate changes, increasing fuel and transportation costs, flaws of the global market, worldwide pesticide pollution, pest adaptation and resistance, loss of soil fertility and organic carbon, soil erosion, decreasing biodiversity, desertification, and so on. Despite unprecedented advances in sciences allowing to visit planets and disclose subatomic particles, serious terrestrial issues about food show clearly that conventional agriculture is not suited any longer to feed humans and to preserve ecosystems. Sustainable agriculture is an alternative for solving fundamental and applied issues related to food production in an ecological way. While conventional agriculture is driven almost solely by productivity and profit, sustainable agriculture integrates biological, chemical, physical, ecological, economic and social sciences in a comprehensive way to develop new farming practices that are safe and do not degrade our environment. In that respect, sustainable agriculture is not a classical and narrow science. Instead of solving problems using the classical painkiller approach that treats only negative impacts, sustainable agriculture treats problem sources. As most actual society issues are now intertwined, global, and fast-developing, sustainable agriculture will bring solutions to build a safer world. This book gathers review articles that analyze current agricultural issues and knowledge, then propose alternative solutions. It will therefore help all scientists, decision-makers, professors, farmers and politicians who wish to build a safe agriculture, energy and food system for future generations"--Back cover Preface Acknowledgments Contents About the Editors Contributors Chapter 1: Metal Sulfide Nanostructures for Bioimaging and Biosensing Applications 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Metal Sulfide Nanostructures for Bioimaging and Therapy 1.2.1 Fluorescence Imaging 1.2.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 1.2.3 Photoacoustic Imaging 1.2.4 Multimodality Imaging 1.2.5 Image-Guided Therapy 1.3 Metal Sulfide Nanostructures for Biosensing 1.3.1 Optical Sensor Fluorescent Sensor Colorimetric Sensor 1.3.2 Electrochemical Sensor 1.4 Conclusions References Chapter 2: Modification of Titanium Alloys for Dental Applications 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Titanium and Titanium Alloys for Biomedical Applications 2.2.1 Commercially Pure Titanium 2.2.2 Titanium-Aluminum-Vanadium Alloy 2.2.3 Titanium-Aluminum-Niobium Alloy 2.2.4 Titanium-Aluminum-Iron Alloy 2.2.5 Titanium-Zirconium Alloy 2.2.6 Nickel-Titanium Alloy 2.3 Biological Concerns of Titanium Alloy 2.4 Modifications of Nickel-Titanium and Titanium Alloys 2.4.1 Heat Treatment and Plasma Surface Modification Thermal Annealing Plasma Surface Alloying Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation 2.4.2 Nanocomposite Composite Coating Silicon-Oxygen-Nitrogen-Titanium Composite Coating Nickel-Titanium Nanocomposite Coating Zinc-Hydroxyapatite-Titania Nanocomposite Coating Biomimetic Sodium Composite Coating 2.4.3 Carbon-Related Coatings Graphene Composite Coating Diamond-Like Carbon Coating Carbon Nitride Coating 2.5 Conclusion References Chapter 3: Metals and Metal Complexes for Medicinal Applications 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Medical Applications of Metal Complexes 3.2.1 Platinum Complexes 3.2.2 Gold Complexes 3.2.3 Ruthenium Complexes 3.2.4 Other Metal Complexes Bismuth Complexes Silver Complexes Oxovanadium (IV)-Vitamin-B6 Complex Iridium (III) Complexes Copper Complexes Manganese Complexes Palladium Complexes Metal Complexes of Curcumin and Coumarin 3.3 Rare Earth Metals in Medical Applications 3.4 Metal Nanoparticles in Health Applications 3.5 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Therapeutic Potential of Metals in Managing the Metabolic Syndrome 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Metabolic Syndrome and Oxidative Stress 4.3 Metals and Metabolic Syndrome 4.4 Metals and Oxidative Stress 4.5 Calcium (Ca) Supplementation Prevents Diabetes 4.6 Chromium (Cr) 4.6.1 The Beneficial Role of Cr Supplementation in Diabetes 4.7 Copper (Cu) 4.7.1 The Physiological Functions of Cu and Oxidative Stress 4.7.2 The Detrimental Effect of Cu in Metabolic Syndrome 4.7.3 Cu Deficiency in Obesity 4.7.4 Cu Associated with Increased Cardiovascular Risk 4.7.5 Cu-Chelating Agent Decreases the Degree of Metabolic Syndrome 4.8 Iron (Fe) 4.8.1 Iron (Fe) Metabolism 4.8.2 Ferritin Overload Favors Metabolic Syndrome 4.8.3 Iron Depletion Therapy Benefits Insulin Signaling 4.8.4 Obesity-Related Iron Deficiency 4.8.5 Copper Modulates Iron Homeostasis 4.9 Magnesium (Mg) 4.9.1 Mg and Diabetes 4.9.2 Mg and Obesity 4.9.3 Mg and Other Metabolic Syndrome-Associated Diseases 4.10 Manganese (Mn) 4.10.1 Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (MnSOD) Prevents Oxidative Stress 4.10.2 Mn Supplementations Prevents Metabolic Syndrome 4.11 Potassium (K) Deficiency Associated with Metabolic Syndrome 4.12 Sodium (Na) Excess in Association with Metabolic Syndrome 4.13 Zinc (Zn) 4.13.1 The Physiology Roles of Zn 4.13.2 Role of Zn in Pancreatic β-Cells 4.13.3 Evidence of the Role of Zn and Its Supplementation in Redox Metabolism 4.13.4 The Beneficial Role of Zinc in Metabolic Syndrome 4.13.5 Zn Increases Risk of Metabolic Syndrome 4.14 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Antimicrobial Effects of Metal, Metal Oxide Nanomaterials, and Sulfonamide Complexes 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Metal Oxide and Their Interactions in Antimicrobial Events 5.2.1 Some Features of Metal- and Metal Oxide-Based Nanomaterials 5.2.2 Antimicrobial Nanoparticles and Antibiotic Effects on the Events Occurring in Microorganisms 5.3 Entrance of Nanoparticle into Cells and Occurred Toxic Events 5.3.1 Strategies for Developing Antimicrobial Agents 5.3.2 Sulfonamide-Based Metal Complexes 5.3.3 Silver (Ag), Silicium Oxide, and Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents 5.4 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Role of Metals, Metal Oxides, and Metal Sulfides in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Metal Nanoparticles for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment 6.2.1 Gold Nanoparticle in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Photo Imaging: Cancer Diagnostic Process Cancer Therapy 6.2.2 Silver Nanoparticle in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment 6.3 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment 6.3.1 Iron Oxide 6.3.2 Zinc oxide 6.4 Metal Sulfide Nanoparticles for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment 6.4.1 Zinc Sulfide 6.4.2 Copper Sulfide 6.4.3 Rhenium Sulfide 6.5 Summary and Conclusion References Chapter 7: Nanomaterials-Based Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Early Identification and Monitoring of Diseases 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Basic Concept of Electrochemical Sensors 7.3 Electrochemical Sensors for Detection of Biomarkers 7.3.1 Glucose Sensors 7.3.2 Cancer Biomarkers 7.3.3 H2O2 Sensors 7.4 Analysis of Drug Molecules 7.5 Conclusion and Perspectives References Chapter 8: Inorganic Nanoparticles for Bioimaging Applications 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Functionalization 8.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles for Bioimaging 8.3.1 Gold nanoparticles 8.3.2 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 8.3.3 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles 8.3.4 Quantum Dots (CdSe, CdTe, and ZnS) 8.4 The Advanced Technique of FRET in Present and Future 8.5 Summary References Chapter 9: Application of Metal and Metal Oxides in Sustainable Synthesis and Biology 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Transition Metal Complexes in Organic Synthesis 9.2.1 Transmetalation 9.2.2 Terminal Alkynes 9.2.3 Other Carbon Nucleophiles 9.2.4 C-H Bond Activation 9.3 Transition Metal Alkenylidenes and Allenylidenes as Catalysts in Organic Synthesis 9.3.1 Metal Alkenylidenes (or Vinylidenes) Carbon-Heteroatom Bond Formation Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation 9.3.2 Metal Allenylidene Complexes 9.4 Applications of Metal Oxides 9.4.1 Iron Oxide 9.4.2 Titanium Oxide 9.4.3 Zinc Oxide 9.4.4 Copper Oxide 9.4.5 Other Oxides 9.5 Conclusion References Chapter 10: Metal Oxides as Anticancer Agents 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Applications of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Biomedical Research 10.2.1 Arsenic Trioxide Nanoparticles 10.2.2 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 10.2.3 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles 10.2.4 Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles 10.2.5 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 10.2.6 Copper Oxide Nanoparticles 10.2.7 Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles 10.3 Conclusions References Chapter 11: Metal induced Neurotoxicity and Neurodegeneration 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Metals Involved in Neurotoxicity and Neurodegeneration 11.2.1 Mercury Mechanism of Mercury Neurotoxicity 11.2.2 Aluminium Mechanism of Aluminum Neurotoxicity Aluminum and Alzheimer ́s Disease 11.2.3 Lead (Pb) Mechanism of Lead-Induced Neurotoxicity 11.2.4 Iron (Fe) Mechanism of Iron Neurotoxicity 11.2.5 Cadmium Mode of Neurotoxicity of Cadmium (cd) 11.2.6 Arsenic (As) Mode of Neurotoxicity of Arsenic 11.3 Conclusion References Chapter 12: An Overview of Heavy Metal Toxicity 12.1 Introduction 12.1.1 Background of Metal Toxicity 12.1.2 Mechanism of Toxicity 12.2 Metal Toxicity: In Vivo and In Vitro Studies 12.2.1 Arsenic Toxicity 12.2.2 Lead Toxicity 12.2.3 Cadmium Toxicity 12.2.4 Chromium Toxicity 12.2.5 Mercury Toxicity 12.2.6 Aluminum Toxicity 12.3 Conclusion and Future Prospects References Index I. Climate change. Soils and sustainable agriculture: a review; Soils and food sufficiency: a review / Rattan Lal Denitrification at sub-zero temperatures in arable soils: a review / Rebecca L. Phillips Re-thinking the conservation of carbon, water and soil: a different perspective / Thomas Francis Shaxson Cropping systems, carbon sequestration and erosion in Brazil: a review / Martial Bernoux,...[et al.] Influence of land use on carbon sequestration and erosion in Mexico: a review / J.D. Etchevers,...[et al.] Rhizodeposition of organic C by plant: mechanisms and controls / Christophe Nguyen Environmental costs and benefits of transportation biofuel production from food- and lignocellulose-based energy crops: a review / Enrico Ceotto Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management / M. Farooq,...[et al.] II. Genetically modified organisms. Pharmaceutical crops in California, benefits and risks: a review / Michelle Marvier Coexistence of genetically modified and non-GM crops in the European Union: a review / Yann Devos,...[et al.] Agro-environmental effects due to altered cultivation practices with genetically modified herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape and implications for monitoring: a review / F. Graef Bacillus thuringiensis: applications in agriculture and insect resistance management: a review / Vincent Sanchis and Denis Bourguet Genetically modified glyphosate-tolerant soybean in the USA: adoption factors, impacts and prospects: a review / Sylvie Bonny III. Biodiversity. Small eats big: ecology and diversity of Bdellovibrio and like organisms, and their dynamics in predator-prey interactions / Shemesh Yair,...[et al.] Identification of traits implicated in the Rhizosphere competence of fluorescent pseudomonads: description of a strategy based on population and model strain studies / Xavier Latour,...[et al.] Progress in mechanisms of mutual effects between plants and the environment / Hong-Bo Shao, Li-Ye Chu, and Biao Li Biodiversity: function and assessment in agricultural areas: a review / Boris Clergue,...[et al.] Mixing plant species in cropping systems: concepts, tools and models: a review / E. Malézieux,...[et al.] Saffron, an alternative crop for sustainable agricultural systems, a review / F. Gresta,...[et al.] Digital imaging information technology applied to seed germination testing: a review / Antonio Dell' Aquila IV. Alternative control. Managing weeds with a dualistic approach of prevention and control: a review / Randy L. Anderson Mechanical destruction of weeds: a review / D. Chicouene Sustainable pest management for cotton production: a review / Jean-Philippe Deguine, Pierre Ferron, and Derek Russell Role of nutrients in controlling plant diseases in sustainable agriculture: a review / Christos Dordas Crop protection, biological control, habitat management and integrated farming / Pierre Ferron and Jean-Philippe Deguine Using grassed strips to limit pesticide transfer to surface water: a review / Jean-Guillaume Lacas,...[et al.] V. Alternative fertilisation. Recycling biosolids and lake-dredged materials to pasture-based animal agriculture: alternative nutrient sources for forage productivity and sustainability: a review / Gilbert C. Sigua Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legume nodules: process and signaling: a review / Neera Garg and Geetanjali Factors responsible for nitrate accumulation: a review / Anjana,Shahid Umar, and Muhammad Iqbal Role of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms in sustainable agriculture, a review / Mohammad Saghir Khan, Almas Zaidi, and Parvaze A. Wani Iron and zinc biofortification strategies in dicot plants by intercropping with gramineous species; a review / Y. Zuo and F. Zhang Soil exploration and resource acquisition by plant roots: an architectural and modeling point of view / Claude Doussan Loïc Pagès, and Alain Pierret Methods for studying root colonization by introduced beneficial bacteria / Elisa Gamalero,...[et al.] VI. New farming systems. Sustainable urban agriculture in developing countries; a review / Hubert de Bon, Laurent Parrot, and Paule Moustier Nitrogen, sustainable agriculture and food security: a review / J.H.J. Spiertz Conversion to organic farming: a multidimensional research object at the crossroads of agricultural and social sciences: a review / Stéphane Bellon and Claire Lamine Triggering transitions towards sustainable development of the Dutch agricultural sector: transforum's approach / A. Veldkamp,...[et al.] Spatialising crop models / Robert Faivre,...[et al.] Iterative design and evaluation of rule-based cropping systems: methodology and case studies, a review / Philippe Debaeke,...[et al.] Agri-environmental indicators t assess cropping and farming systems: a review / Christian Bockstaller,...[et al.] Methodological progress in on-farm regional agronomic diagnosis: a review / Thierry Doré,...[et al.] Ex ante assessment of the sustainability of alternative cropping systems: implications for using multi-criteria decisions-aid methods, a review / Walid Sadok,...[et al.] Comparison of methods to assess the sustainability of agricultural systems: a review / Christian Bockstaller,...[et al.] Soil-erosion and runoff prevention by plant covers: a review / Víctor Hugo Durán Zuazo and Carmen Rocío Rodríguez Pleguezuelo Integration of soil structure variations with time and space into models for crop management: a review / J. Roger-Estrade,...[et al.] Management of grazing systems: from decision and biophysical models to principles for action / Michel Duru and Bernard Hubert VII. Pollutants in agrosystems. Cadmium in soils and cereal grains after sewage-sludge application on French soils: a review / Denis Baize Mobility, turnover and storage of pollutants in soils, sediments and waters: achievements and results of the EU project AquaTerra, a review / J.A.C. Barth,...[et al.] / Effect of metal toxicity on plant growth and metabolism: I. Zinc / Gyana Ranjan Rout and Premananda Das Phytoremediation of organic pollutants using mycorrhizal plants: a new aspect of rhizosphere interactions / Erik Jautris Joner and Corinne Leyval.

Sustainability rests on the principle that we must meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Starving people in poor nations, obesity in rich nations, increasing food prices, on-going climate changes, increasing fuel and transportation costs, flaws of the global market, worldwide pesticide pollution, pest adaptation and resistance, loss of soil fertility and organic carbon, soil erosion, decreasing biodiversity, desertification, and so on. Despite unprecedented advances in sciences allowing to visit planets and disclose subatomic particles, serious terrestrial issues about food show clearly that conventional agriculture is not suited any longer to feed humans and to preserve ecosystems. Sustainable agriculture is an alternative for solving fundamental and applied issues related to food production in an ecological way. While conventional agriculture is driven almost solely by productivity and profit, sustainable agriculture integrates biological, chemical, physical, ecological, economic and social sciences in a comprehensive way to develop new farming practices that are safe and do not degrade our environment. In that respect, sustainable agriculture is not a classical and narrow science. Instead of solving problems using the classical painkiller approach that treats only negative impacts, sustainable agriculture treats problem sources. As most actual society issues are now intertwined, global, and fast-developing, sustainable agriculture will bring solutions to build a safer world.

This book gathers review articles that analyze current agricultural issues and knowledge, then propose alternative solutions. It will therefore help all scientists, decision-makers, professors, farmers and politicians who wish to build a safe agriculture, energy and food system for future generations.