Mesozoic Stratigraphy of India: A Multi-Proxy Approach (Society of Earth Scientists Series)

This book envisages a multi-proxy approach using stable isotopes, geochemical proxies, magnetic susceptibility and associated biotic events for paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental interpretations of the Mesozoic sedimentary record of India. Mesozoic rocks of India record abnormal sea level rise, greenhouse climate, intensified volcanism, hypoxia in seawater, extensive black shale deposition, and hydrocarbon occurrence. The Mesozoic has also witnessed mass extinction events, evolution of dinosaurs, and breakdown of the supercontinent Pangea and the formation of Gondwana. Although the Mesozoic geology of India has witnessed significant progress in the last century, literature survey reveals a huge gap in knowledge regarding sequence stratigraphy, chemostratigraphy and key geological events. A synthesis of sedimentological, paleontological and chemical data is included to presenting a comprehensive understanding of the Indian Mesozoic record to students, researchers and professionals. Series Editor Foreword Preface and Acknowledgements Contents About the Editors Abbreviations A Review of Stratigraphy, Depositional Setting and Paleoclimate of the Mesozoic Basins of India 1 Introduction 2 Gondwana Basins 2.1 Pranhita-Godavari Basin 2.2 Satpura Basin 2.3 Rewa Basin—A Sub-basin of the Son-Mahanadi Basin 3 West Coast Mesozoic Basins 3.1 Kutch Basin 3.2 Barmer Basin 3.3 Jaisalmer Basin 3.4 Saurashtra Basin 4 The Paleogeography and Paleoposition of India 5 Depositional Environments 6 Discussion and Conclusions References Cretaceous Deposits of India: A Review 1 Background 2 Indian Context 3 Tectonic Orientation of Indian Plate During Cretaceous 4 Cretaceous Sedimentary Basins in India 4.1 Southern Indian (East–Coast) Basins 4.2 Western Indian Basins 4.3 Eastern Indian Basins 4.4 Central Indian Basin 4.5 Northern Indian Basins 5 Climatic Trends in India During the Cretaceous 6 Cretaceous Volcanic Episodes in India 7 Relative Sea-Level Records from South and West India 8 Biogeography and K-Pg Mass Extinction 9 Conclusions References Radiation of Flora in the Early Triassic Succeeding the End Permian Crisis: Evidences from the Gondwana Supergroup of Peninsular India 1 Introduction 2 Geological Setting 3 Materials and Methods 4 Results 4.1 Plant Macrofossils from the Late Permian (Raniganj Formation) and Early Triassic (Panchet Formation) 4.2 Megaspores from the Early Triassic (Panchet Formation) 5 Discussion 6 Conclusions References An Overview of the Mesozoic (Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous) Stratigraphy, Sedimentology and Depositional Environments of the Kachchh Mainland, Gujarat, India 1 Introduction 2 Geological Background 3 Systematic Stratigraphy 3.1 Jhurio Formation (Author: Biswas 1977; Also Known as Patcham Series) 3.2 Jumara Formation (Author: Biswas 1971; Also Known as Chari Series) 3.3 Jhuran Formation (Author: Biswas 1977; Also Known as Katrol Formation) 3.4 Bhuj Formation (Author: Biswas 1971; Also Known as Umia/ Bhuj Series) 4 Sedimentology 4.1 Clastic Sedimentology 4.2 Paleocurrents 4.3 Texture 4.4 Composition 4.5 Diagenesis 4.6 Fine Clastics 5 Carbonate Sedimentology 5.1 Carbonate Allochems 5.2 Carbonate Diagenesis 6 Depositional History 6.1 Provenance 6.2 Depositional Environment 7 Conclusions References Magnetic Polarity Stratigraphy Investigations of Middle-Upper Jurassic Sediments of Jara Dome, Kutch Basin, NW India 1 Introduction 2 Geology and Sampling 3 Methods 4 Results and Discussion 5 Magnetic Polarity Stratigraphy (MPS) 6 Conclusions References Provenance and Paleo-weathering of the Mesozoic Rocks of Kutch Basin: Integrating Results from Heavy Minerals and Geochemical Proxies 1 Introduction 2 Geological Setting 3 Methods 4 Results 4.1 Heavy Minerals 4.2 Geochemistry 5 Discussion 5.1 Composition of Source Rocks 5.2 Weathering and Recycling 5.3 Tectonic Setting 5.4 Age of Source Rock 6 Conclusions References Geochemistry of Callovian Ironstone in Kutch and Its Stratigraphic Implications 1 Introduction 2 Geological Background 3 Samples and Methods 4 Results 4.1 Petrography 4.2 Mineralogical and Textural Study 4.3 Geochemical Analysis 5 Discussion 6 Conclusions References Oxic-dysoxic Tidal Flat Carbonates from Sadara, Pachham Island, Kachchh 1 Introduction 2 Geological Background 3 Methodology 4 Lithofacies Assemblage 4.1 Chert Breccia 4.2 Laminated Micritic Dolomite 4.3 Intraformational Lime Flake Conglomerate 4.4 Algal Limestone 5 Mineralogy 6 Microfacies 7 Geochemical Studies 7.1 Major Elements 7.2 Trace Elements 7.3 Rare Earth Elements 7.4 Stable Isotopes 8 Paleolatitude 9 Discussion 9.1 Depositional Setting 9.2 Redox Conditions 10 Conclusions References Cosmopolitan Status for Taramelliceras kachhense (Waagen) (Ammonoidea) from Kutch, Western India 1 Introduction 2 Geological Setting 3 Materials and Methods 4 Systematic Description 5 Data Analysis 6 Results and Discussion 7 Conclusions Annexure 1 References Nautiloid Biostratigraphy of the Jurassic of Kutch, India: An Exploration of Bio- and Chrono-stratigraphic Potential of Nautiloids 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 3 Nautiloid Biozonation 3.1 Procymatoceras pictonicum Assemblage Biozone 3.2 Paracenoceras calloviense Assemblage Biozone 3.3 Pseudaganides aganiticus Assemblage Biozone 3.4 Paracenoceras hexagonum Assemblage Biozone 4 Systematic Paleontology 5 Discussion 5.1 Evaluation of Biostratigraphic Potential of Nautiloids 5.2 Delineation of Stage Boundaries 6 Conclusion and Remarks References Taphonomic Pathways for the Formation of Bioturbated Cycles in the Early Cretaceous Wave-Dominated Deltaic Environment: Ghuneri Member, Kachchh Basin, India 1 Introduction 2 Geological Setting 3 Methodology 4 Results 4.1 Tiering and Key Bioturbators 4.2 Bioturbated Cycles 5 Taphonomic Pathways in the Formation of Bioturbated Cycles 5.1 Type-1 Low Bioturbated Ichnofabric 5.2 Type-2 Ichnofabric of Structureless Sand 5.3 Type-3 Incomplete Bioturbated Top Ichnofabric 5.4 Type-4 Bioturbated Units with Glossifunguites Ichnofabric 5.5 Type-5 Firmground Bypass Ichnofabric 5.6 Type-6 Amalgamated Bioturbated Unit with Resumed Colonization 6 Discussion and Conclusions References Gastropod Biozonation for the Jurassic Sediments of Kutch and Jaisalmer Basins and Its Application in Interbasinal Correlation 1 Introduction 2 Lithostratigraphy of Kutch and Jaisalmer Basins 2.1 Kutch Basin 2.2 Jaisalmer Basin 2.3 Interbasinal Correlations 3 Jurassic Biostratigraphy of Kutch and Jaisalmer Basins 3.1 Kutch Basin 3.2 Jaisalmer Basin 3.3 Interbasinal Correlations 4 The Proposed Biozones Based on Gastropod Assemblages 4.1 Kutch Basin 4.2 Jaisalmer Basin 4.3 Interbasinal Correlation Based on the New Scheme 5 Discussion and Conclusions Supplementary Table 1 References Diagenetic Controls on the Early to Late Bathonian Fort Member Sandstone of Jaisalmer Formation, Western Rajasthan 1 Introduction 2 Geological Setting 3 Materials and Methods 4 Results 4.1 Framework Composition and Texture of the Sandstone 4.2 Diagenetic Processes 5 Discussion 5.1 Diagenetic History 5.2 Porosity, Compaction and Intergranular Volume 5.3 Paragenetic Sequence 6 Inducing Factors on the Reservoir Quality 6.1 Textural and Compositional Controls on Reservoir Quality 6.2 Diagenetic Controls on Reservoir Quality 7 Conclusions Appendix 1 References Seismicity Forcing Transition from Siliciclastic to Carbonate Realm in the Thaiyat-Hamira Succession of Jaisalmer, Rajasthan 1 Introduction 2 Geological Background 3 Below the SSD Level 3.1 Interpretation 4 SSD Level 4.1 Interpretation 5 Above the SSD Level 5.1 Interpretation 6 Discussion 7 Conclusions References Biostratigraphic Implications of the Calcareous Nannofossils from the Spiti Formation at Langza, Spiti Valley 1 Introduction 2 Lithostratigraphic Framework 3 Materials and Methods 4 Biostratigraphy 5 Discussion 6 Conclusions References Records of Marine Transgressions and Paleo-Depositional Conditions Imprinted Within Cretaceous Glauconites of India 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Glauconite Occurrences in Mesozoic Basins 3.1 Glauconite in the Kutch Basin 3.2 Glauconite in Cauvery Basin 3.3 Glauconite in Narmada Basin 3.4 Glauconite in Meghalaya Basin 4 Discussion 4.1 Comparison of Mineralogical and Textural Characteristics of Glauconite 4.2 Origin and Evolution of Glauconite 4.3 Depositional and Sequence Stratigraphic Implications of Glauconite 4.4 Relationship Between Fe2O3 (Total) Content and Depositional Conditions 4.5 Glauconite Formation in the Context of Cretaceous Transgressions in India 5 Conclusions References Early Cretaceous Flora from the East Coast Sedimentary Basins of India: Their Chronostratigraphic and Palaeobiogeographic Significance 1 Introduction 2 Evolution of East Coast Sedimentary Basins 3 Materials and Methods 4 Chronostratigraphic Implications 4.1 Cauvery Basin 4.2 Palar Basin 4.3 Krishna-Godavari (KG) Basin 4.4 Pranhita-Godavari (PG) Basin 4.5 Mahanadi Basin 5 Biostratigraphic Comparison 6 Palaeobiogeographic Control on Eastern Indian Palaeoflora 7 Conclusions References Facies and Microfacies Analysis of Kallankurichchi Formation, Ariyalur Group with an Inkling of Sequence Stratigraphy 1 Introduction 2 Geological Background 3 Materials and Methods 4 Facies Analysis 4.1 Basal Conglomerate 4.2 Facies Association I 4.3 Facies Association II 5 Microfacies Analysis 5.1 Facies 1A 5.2 Facies 1B to 1E 5.3 Facies 1F 5.4 Facies 2A to 2D 6 Detrital Quartz Distribution 7 Sequence Stratigraphy 8 Faunal Distribution 9 Conclusions References Litho-Biostratigraphy and Depositional Environment of Albian-Maastrichtian Sedimentary Succession of Cauvery Basin in Ariyalur Area 1 Introduction 2 Rifting Process and Basin Evolution 3 Lithostratigraphy 3.1 Kovandankurichi Formation 3.2 Terani Formation 3.3 Uttatur Group 3.4 Trichinopoly Group 3.5 Ariyalur Group 4 Biostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment 5 Ichnofossils 6 Sequence Stratigraphy 7 Relative Sea Level Changes 8 Cretaceous Climate 9 Oceanic Anoxic Events 10 Paleomagnetism 11 Discussion 12 Conclusions References Continental-to-Marine Transition in an Ongoing Rift Setting: Barremian-Turonian Sediments of Cauvery Basin, India 1 Prologue 2 Geological Setting 3 Stratigraphy 4 Facies Analysis 4.1 Non-marine Facies Associations 4.2 Shallow Marine Facies Associations 4.3 Marine Facies Associations 5 Discussion 5.1 Paleogeographic Distribution and Stratigraphic Architecture 5.2 Sequence Stratigraphic Context 6 Conclusions References Stratigraphy, Sedimentology and Paleontology of Late Cretaceous Bagh Beds, Narmada Valley, Central India: A Review 1 Introduction 2 The Stratigraphy of the Bagh Group—Present Status 3 Sedimentology of the Bagh group—An Update 3.1 Nimar Sandstone 3.2 Nodular Limestone 3.3 Coralline Limstone 4 Paleontological Attributes of the Bagh Group 4.1 Taxonomic Outline 4.2 Age of the Bagh Group 5 Discussion and Conclusions References Fluvial Architecture Modulation in Course of Aeolian Dominance: Upper Terrestrial Member, Bhuj Formation, Kutch 1 Introduction 2 Geological Setting 3 Materials and Methods 4 Fluvial Architecture and Paleocurrent Dispersion 4.1 Association I 4.2 Association II 4.3 Association III 5 Aeolian Facies Tract 6 Causal Factor 7 Conclusions References Mineralogical and Textural Characteristics of Red Boles of Western Deccan Volcanic Province, India: Genetic and Paleoenvironmental Implications 1 Introduction 2 Geological Background 3 Sampling and Methods 4 Results 4.1 Physical Characterization 4.2 Petrography 4.3 Mineralogical Characterization 4.4 Spectral Characterization 5 Discussion 6 Conclusions References Correction to: Mesozoic Stratigraphy of India Correction to: S. Banerjee and S. Sarkar (eds.), Mesozoic Stratigraphy of India, Society of Earth Scientists Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71370-6 Index