Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems (Coral Reefs of the World (12))

This book summarizes what is known about mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs) geographically and by major taxa. MCEs are characterized by light-dependent corals and associated communities typically found at depths ranging from 30-40 m. and extending to over 150 m. in tropical and subtropical ecosystems. They are populated with organisms typically associated with shallow coral reefs, such as macroalgae, corals, sponges, and fishes, as well as specialist species unique to mesophotic depths. During the past decade, there has been an increasing scientific and management interest in MCEs expressed by the exponential increase in the number of publications studying this unique environment. Despite their close proximity to well-studied shallow reefs, and the growing evidence of their importance, our scientific knowledge of MCEs is still in its early stages. The topics covered in the book include: regional variation in MCEs; similarities and differences between mesophotic and shallow reef taxa, biotic and abiotic conditions, biodiversity, ecology, geomorphology, and geology; potential connectivity between MCEs and shallow reefs; MCE disturbances, conservation, and management challenges; and new technologies, key research questions/knowledge gaps, priorities, and future directions in MCE research. Front Matter ....Pages i-xv Front Matter ....Pages 1-1 Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems: Introduction and Overview (Richard L. Pyle, Joshua M. Copus)....Pages 3-27 Front Matter ....Pages 29-29 Bermuda (Gretchen Goodbody-Gringley, Timothy Noyes, Struan R. Smith)....Pages 31-45 The Bahamas and Cayman Islands (Marc Slattery, Michael P. Lesser)....Pages 47-56 Pulley Ridge, Gulf of Mexico, USA (John K. Reed, Stephanie Farrington, Andy David, Stacey Harter, Shirley A. Pomponi, M. Cristina Diaz et al.)....Pages 57-69 The Mesoamerican Reef (Erika Gress, Joshua D. Voss, Ryan J. Eckert, Gwilym Rowlands, Dominic A. Andradi-Brown)....Pages 71-84 Discovery Bay, Jamaica (Phillip Dustan, Judith C. Lang)....Pages 85-109 Puerto Rico (Richard S. Appeldoorn, Monica Alfaro, David L. Ballantine, Ivonne Bejarano, Hector J. Ruíz, Nikolaos V. Schizas et al.)....Pages 111-129 The United States Virgin Islands (Tyler B. Smith, Marilyn E. Brandt, Viktor W. Brandtneris, Rosmin S. Ennis, Sarah H. Groves, Sennai Habtes et al.)....Pages 131-147 Bonaire and Curaçao (Pedro R. Frade, Pim Bongaerts, Carole C. Baldwin, Arthur C. Trembanis, Rolf P. M. Bak, Mark J. A. Vermeij)....Pages 149-162 Brazil (Ronaldo Bastos Francini-Filho, Viviana Márquez Velásquez, Marianna Barbosa da Silva, Marcos Rogerio Rosa, Paulo Yukio Gomes Sumida, Hudson Tercio Pinheiro et al.)....Pages 163-198 The Red Sea: Israel (Gal Eyal, Raz Tamir, Netanel Kramer, Lee Eyal-Shaham, Yossi Loya)....Pages 199-214 The Chagos Archipelago (Dominic A. Andradi-Brown, Zena Dinesen, Catherine E. I. Head, David M. Tickler, Gwilym Rowlands, Alex D. Rogers)....Pages 215-229 Ryukyu Islands, Japan (Frederic Sinniger, Saki Harii, Marc Humblet, Yohei Nakamura, Hideo Ohba, Rian Prasetia)....Pages 231-247 Taiwan (Vianney Denis, Derek Soto, Stéphane De Palmas, Yu Ting Vicky Lin, Yehuda Benayahu, Yusheng Michael Huang et al.)....Pages 249-264 The Philippines (Patrick C. Cabaitan, Timothy Joseph R. Quimpo, Edwin E. Dumalagan Jr., Jeffrey Munar, Mary Ann C. Calleja, Ronald Dionnie D. Olavides et al.)....Pages 265-284 Palau (Patrick L. Colin, Steven J. Lindfield)....Pages 285-299 Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia (Sonia J. Rowley, T. Edward Roberts, Richard R. Coleman, Heather L. Spalding, Eugene Joseph, Mae K. L. Dorricott)....Pages 301-320 Papua New Guinea (Ken Longenecker, T. Edward Roberts, Patrick L. Colin)....Pages 321-336 Northwest Australia (Andrew Heyward, Ben Radford)....Pages 337-349 The Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea (Tom C. L. Bridge, Robin J. Beaman, Pim Bongaerts, Paul R. Muir, Merrick Ekins, Tiffany Sih)....Pages 351-367 Fiji (Richard L. Pyle)....Pages 369-385 American Samoa (Anthony D. Montgomery, Douglas Fenner, Randall K. Kosaki, Richard L. Pyle, Daniel Wagner, Robert J. Toonen)....Pages 387-407 Cook Islands (Richard L. Pyle, Joshua M. Copus, Gerald McCormack)....Pages 409-423 French Polynesia (Michel Pichon)....Pages 425-443 The Hawaiian Archipelago (Heather L. Spalding, Joshua M. Copus, Brian W. Bowen, Randall K. Kosaki, Ken Longenecker, Anthony D. Montgomery et al.)....Pages 445-464 Isla del Coco, Costa Rica, Eastern Tropical Pacific (Jorge Cortés)....Pages 465-475 Chile and the Salas y Gómez Ridge (Erin E. Easton, Matthias Gorny, Ariadna Mecho, Javier Sellanes, Carlos F. Gaymer, Heather L. Spalding et al.)....Pages 477-490 Front Matter ....Pages 491-491 The Mesophotic Coral Microbial Biosphere (William Leggat, Sarah Gierz, Alejandra Hernandez-Agreda, Tracy Danielle Ainsworth)....Pages 493-505 Macroalgae (Heather L. Spalding, Gilberto M. Amado-Filho, Ricardo G. Bahia, David L. Ballantine, Suzanne Fredericq, James J. Leichter et al.)....Pages 507-536 Symbiodiniaceae Genetic Diversity and Symbioses with Hosts from Shallow to Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems (Tamar L. Goulet, Matthew Q. Lucas, Nikolaos V. Schizas)....Pages 537-551 Large Benthic Foraminifera in Low-Light Environments (Willem Renema)....Pages 553-561 Sponges (Shirley A. Pomponi, M. Cristina Diaz, Rob W. M. Van Soest, Lori J. Bell, Linnet Busutil, Deborah J. Gochfeld et al.)....Pages 563-588 Biodiversity of Reef-Building, Scleractinian Corals (Paul R. Muir, Michel Pichon)....Pages 589-620 Reef-Building Corals of the Upper Mesophotic Zone of the Central Indo-West Pacific (Emre Turak, Lyndon DeVantier)....Pages 621-651 Sexual Reproduction of Scleractinian Corals in Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems vs. Shallow Reefs (Tom Shlesinger, Yossi Loya)....Pages 653-666 Coral Sclerochronology: Similarities and Differences in the Coral Isotopic Signatures Between Mesophotic and Shallow-Water Reefs (Tsuyoshi Watanabe, Takaaki K. Watanabe, Atsuko Yamazaki, Shiori Yoneta, Kohki Sowa, Frederic Sinniger et al.)....Pages 667-681 Antipatharians of the Mesophotic Zone: Four Case Studies (Marzia Bo, Anthony D. Montgomery, Dennis M. Opresko, Daniel Wagner, Giorgio Bavestrello)....Pages 683-708 Octocorals of the Indo-Pacific (Yehuda Benayahu, Tom C. L. Bridge, Patrick L. Colin, Ronen Liberman, Catherine S. McFadden, Oscar Pizarro et al.)....Pages 709-728 Gorgonian Corals (Juan A. Sánchez, Luisa F. Dueñas, Sonia J. Rowley, Fanny L. Gonzalez-Zapata, Diana Carolina Vergara, Sandra M. Montaño-Salazar et al.)....Pages 729-747 Fishes: Biodiversity (Richard L. Pyle, Randall K. Kosaki, Hudson T. Pinheiro, Luiz Alves Rocha, Robert K. Whitton, Joshua M. Copus)....Pages 749-777 Disease Problems (Ernesto Weil)....Pages 779-800 Light, Temperature, Photosynthesis, Heterotrophy, and the Lower Depth Limits of Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems (Samuel E. Kahng, Derya Akkaynak, Tom Shlesinger, Eric J. Hochberg, Jörg Wiedenmann, Raz Tamir et al.)....Pages 801-828 Bioerosion (David K. Weinstein, Rebecca L. Maher, Adrienne M. S. Correa)....Pages 829-847 Geology and Geomorphology (Clark E. Sherman, Stanley D. Locker, Jody M. Webster, David K. Weinstein)....Pages 849-878 Front Matter ....Pages 879-879 Beyond the “Deep Reef Refuge” Hypothesis: A Conceptual Framework to Characterize Persistence at Depth (Pim Bongaerts, Tyler B. Smith)....Pages 881-895 Coral Ecosystem Connectivity Between Pulley Ridge and the Florida Keys (Su Sponaugle, Robert K. Cowen)....Pages 897-907 Front Matter ....Pages 909-909 Disturbance in Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems and Linkages to Conservation and Management (Tyler B. Smith, Daniel M. Holstein, Rosmin S. Ennis)....Pages 911-929 Invasive Lionfish (Pterois volitans and P. miles): Distribution, Impact, and Management (Dominic A. Andradi-Brown)....Pages 931-941 Ecosystem Services of Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems and a Call for Better Accounting (Daniel M. Holstein, Pamela Fletcher, Sarah H. Groves, Tyler B. Smith)....Pages 943-956 Front Matter ....Pages 957-957 Advanced Technical Diving (Richard L. Pyle)....Pages 959-972 Underwater Robotic Technology for Imaging Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems (Roy A. Armstrong, Oscar Pizarro, Christopher Roman)....Pages 973-988 Key Questions for Research and Conservation of Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems and Temperate Mesophotic Ecosystems (Joseph A. Turner, Dominic A. Andradi-Brown, Andrea Gori, Pim Bongaerts, Heidi L. Burdett, Christine Ferrier-Pagès et al.)....Pages 989-1003 Correction to: The Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea (Tom C. L. Bridge, Robin J. Beaman, Pim Bongaerts, Paul R. Muir, Merrick Ekins, Tiffany Sih)....Pages C1-C1 Part I: Introduction -- 1. Mesophotic coral ecosystems: Introduction and Overview -- Part II: Regional Variation in Mesophotic Corarl Ecosystems -- 2. Bermuda -- 3. The Bahamas and Cayman Islands -- 4. Pulley Ridge, Gulf of Mexico, U.S.A. -- 5. The Mesoamerican Reef -- 6. Discovery Bay, Jamaica -- 7. Puerto Rico -- 8. The United States Virgin Islands -- 9. Bonaire and Curaçao -- 10. Brazil -- 11. The Red Sea -- 12. The Chagos Archipelago -- 13. Ryukyus Islands, Japan -- 14. Taiwan -- 15. The Philippines -- 16. Palau -- 17. Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia -- 18. Papua New Guinea -- 19. North West Australia -- 20. The Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea -- 21. Fiji. -22. American Samoa. -23. Cook Islands -- 24. French Polynesia -- 25. The Hawaiian Archipelago -- 26. Isla del Coco, Costa Rica, Eastern Tropical Pacific -- 27. Chile and Salas y Gómez Ridge -- Part III: Environments, Biodiversity, and Ecology of Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems. - 28. The mesophotic coral microbial biosphere -- 29. Macroalgae -- 30. Symbiodinium genetic diversity and symbiosis with hosts from shallow to mesophotic coral ecosystems -- 31. Large benthic foraminifera in low-light environments -- 32. Sponges -- 33. Biodiversity of reef-building, scleractinian corals -- 34. Reef-building corals of the upper mesophotic zone of the central Indo-west -- Pacific -- 35. Sexual reproduction of scleractinian corals in mesophotic coral ecosystems vs. shallow reefs. -36. Coral sclerochronology: similarities and differences in the coral isotopic signatures between mesophotic and shallow reefs -- 37. Antipatharians of the mesophotic zone: four case studies -- 38. Octocorals of the Indo-Pacific -- 39. Gorgonian corals -- 40. Fishes: Biodiversity -- 41. Disease problems -- 42. Light, temperature, photosynthesis, heterotrophy, and the lower depth -- limits of mesophotic coral ecosystems -- 43. Bioerosion -- 44. Geology and geomorphology -- Part IV: Are Shallow and Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems Connected? -- 45. Beyond the 'deep reef refuge' hypothesis: a conceptual framework to characterize persistence at depth -- 46. Coral ecosystem connectivity between Pulley Ridge and the Florida Keys -- Part V: Conservation, Management, and Threats to Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems -- 47. Disturbance in mesophotic coral ecosystems nd linkages to conservation and management -- 48. Invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans and P. miles): distribution, impact, and Management -- 49. Ecosystem Services of mesophotic coral reefs and a call for better accounting -- Part VI: Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems Research: Technologies and Future Directions -- 50. Advanced Technical Diving -- 51. Underwater robotic technology for imaging mesophotic coral ecosystems -- 52. Key questions for research and conservation of mesophotic coral ecosystems and temperate mesophotic ecosystems