Memory : foundations and applications

The fully updated Third Edition of Bennett L. Schwartz’s Memory: Foundations and Applications engages students in an exploration of how memory works in everyday life through unique applications in areas such as education, job-related memory, investigations, and courtrooms. Throughout the book, integrated coverage of cognitive psychology and neuroscience connects theory and research to the areas in the brain where memory processes occur. Four overarching themes that create a framework for the text include: the active nature of learning and remembering; memory's status as a biological process; the multiple components of memory systems; and how memory principles can improve our individual ability to learn and remember. Featuring substantive changes that bring the book completely up to date, the Third Edition offers students an array of high-interest examples for augmenting their own memory abilities and appreciation of memory science. Preface......Page 18 1 Introduction to the Study of Memory......Page 24 The Science of Memory......Page 26 The History of Memory Research......Page 28 Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850–1909)......Page 30 Mary Calkins (1863–1930)......Page 34 Behaviorism......Page 36 Frederic Bartlett (1886–1969)......Page 37 Endel Tulving (1927– )......Page 38 Cognitive Psychology......Page 40 Elizabeth Loftus (1944– )......Page 41 Cognitive Neuroscience......Page 42 Section Quiz......Page 44 Methods of Studying Memory......Page 46 Recall......Page 50 Recognition......Page 51 Implicit Memory Tests......Page 52 Source Judgments......Page 53 Metamemory Judgments......Page 54 Neuropsychology......Page 55 Animal Models......Page 56 Neuroimaging......Page 57 Section Summary and Quiz......Page 61 Improving Memory Efficiency......Page 62 Themes for the Book......Page 65 Key Terms......Page 66 Review Questions......Page 67 Online Resources......Page 68 2 Memory and the Brain......Page 69 Old Questions, New Answers......Page 70 Brain and Memory......Page 72 Neurons......Page 74 Neurotransmitters......Page 80 Structures of the Human Brain......Page 82 Subcortical Structures......Page 85 Cortical Areas of the Brain Associated With Memory......Page 88 Interim Summary and Quiz......Page 92 EEG (Electroencephalography)......Page 93 Magnetoencephalography (MEG)......Page 95 Positron Emission Tomography (PET)......Page 96 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technologies......Page 97 Brain Stimulation Techniques......Page 99 Section Quiz......Page 102 Neuropsychology: Memory Deficits and Amnesia......Page 103 Chemical Enhancement of Memory......Page 105 Olfaction, Memory, and the Brain......Page 107 Memory, Music, and the Brain......Page 108 Key Terms......Page 109 Online Resources......Page 111 3 Working Memory......Page 112 What Is Working Memory?......Page 113 Some Terminological Clarifications......Page 114 Sensory Memory......Page 115 Working Memory Capacity......Page 117 Pronunciation Time......Page 123 The Duration of Information in Working Memory......Page 125 The Serial Position Curve and Its Implication for Working Memory......Page 131 Section Summary and Quiz......Page 136 The Working Memory Model of Baddeley......Page 138 The Phonological Loop......Page 142 Visuospatial Sketchpad......Page 145 The Episodic Buffer......Page 148 The Central Executive......Page 149 Section Summary and Quiz......Page 151 Working Memory and the Brain......Page 153 Reading Fluency......Page 155 Verbal Fluency......Page 156 Summary......Page 157 Key Terms......Page 158 Online Resources......Page 159 4 Episodic Memory......Page 160 Behavioral Evidence......Page 165 Neuropsychological Evidence......Page 167 Evidence From Neuroimaging......Page 168 Section Summary and Quiz......Page 170 Memory Processes: Encoding, Representation, and Retrieval (Part I)......Page 171 Encoding in Episodic Memory......Page 172 Levels of Processing......Page 173 The Self-Reference Effect......Page 180 Survival Processing......Page 181 The Generation Effect......Page 183 Organization......Page 186 Distinctiveness......Page 187 Section Summary and Quiz......Page 189 Memory Processes: Encoding, Representation, and Retrieval (Part II)......Page 191 Retrieval From Episodic Memory......Page 192 Encoding Specificity......Page 196 Inhibition in Episodic Memory......Page 202 Retrieval-Induced Inhibition......Page 205 Part-Set Cueing......Page 207 Directed Forgetting......Page 209 Prospective Memory......Page 210 Summary......Page 213 Key Terms......Page 214 Online Resources......Page 215 5 Semantic Memory......Page 216 Associative Structures in Semantic Memory......Page 217 Semantic Priming and Lexical Decision Tasks......Page 221 Sentence Verification Tasks......Page 223 Bilingual Representation......Page 224 Section Summary and Quiz......Page 227 Concepts and Categories......Page 228 Categories Are Fuzzy......Page 229 Family Resemblance......Page 234 Exemplar Theory and Feature Comparison Theory......Page 235 Prototype Theory......Page 237 Situated Simulation Theory......Page 239 Section Summary and Quiz......Page 240 Schemas and Scripts......Page 241 Reconstruction of Events......Page 246 Semantic Memory and Music......Page 248 Language, Lexical Memory, and Semantic Memory......Page 249 Section Quiz......Page 253 Key Terms......Page 254 Review Questions......Page 255 Online Resources......Page 256 6 Visual Memory......Page 257 Visual Memory: Recognition and Recall......Page 260 Representation and Imagery......Page 261 Shepard and Metzler’s Mental Rotation Experiment......Page 263 Neuroimaging and the Analog View......Page 270 Section Summary and Quiz......Page 273 Other Topics in Visual Memory......Page 275 Photographic Memory: Reality or Fantasy?......Page 276 Cognitive Maps......Page 279 Memory for Faces......Page 281 Simultaneous and Sequential Lineups in Eyewitness Memory......Page 282 Own-Race Bias......Page 288 The Neuroscience of Face Memory......Page 290 Section Summary and Quiz......Page 292 Application of Visual Imagery to Mnemonics......Page 294 Method of Loci......Page 295 Keyword Technique......Page 297 Pegword Mnemonic......Page 301 Interactive Versus Bizarre Imagery......Page 302 Key Terms......Page 303 Review Questions......Page 304 Online Resources......Page 305 7 Autobiographical Memory......Page 306 Conway’s Theory of Representation in Autobiographical Memory......Page 308 General Events......Page 311 Lifetime Periods......Page 314 The Working Self......Page 315 Section Summary and Quiz......Page 317 Childhood Amnesia......Page 319 Psychodynamic View......Page 323 Age-Related Changes in Self-Concept......Page 324 Influence of Language on Memory Development......Page 325 Childhood Amnesia May Result From Multiple Causes......Page 327 Flashbulb Memories......Page 329 Accuracy of Flashbulb Memories......Page 330 Theories of Flashbulb Memory Formation......Page 335 Collaborative Memory......Page 338 Section Summary and Quiz......Page 339 Diary Studies and Autobiographical Memory......Page 341 The Cue-Word Technique for Eliciting Autobiographical Memories and the Reminiscence Bump......Page 345 Field and Observer Memories......Page 349 Involuntary Memories......Page 351 Music and Autobiographical Memory......Page 352 Sense of Smell and Autobiographical Memory......Page 353 The Neuroscience of Autobiographical Memory......Page 354 Summary......Page 358 Key Terms......Page 360 Online Resources......Page 361 8 False Memory......Page 363 Correspondence, Accuracy, and Amount......Page 368 Source Monitoring......Page 369 Deese-Roediger-McDermott Procedure (DRM)......Page 370 False Memory Induction Procedure......Page 374 Imagination Inflation......Page 378 Fabricated or Altered Evidence......Page 382 Section Summary and Quiz......Page 383 Hypnosis and Memory......Page 384 Recovered Memory: The Reality of Repression......Page 385 Mechanisms of Repression and Recovery......Page 387 Failure to Rehearse......Page 388 Retrieval Suppression......Page 393 False Memories and Legal Psychology......Page 395 Eyewitness Testimony......Page 396 Effects of Wording on Memory of an Accident......Page 397 The Misinformation Effect......Page 399 Explanations for the Misinformation Effect......Page 401 Section Summary and Quiz......Page 405 The Cognitive Interview: More Information Without Suggestion......Page 407 Summary......Page 410 Review Questions......Page 411 Online Resources......Page 412 9 Metamemory......Page 413 What Is Metamemory?......Page 415 Theories of Metamemory......Page 419 Direct-Access Theories......Page 420 Indirect or Inferential Theories......Page 421 Section Summary and Quiz......Page 422 Tip-of-the-Tongue States......Page 424 Brain Mechanisms......Page 427 Feeling of Knowing......Page 428 Mechanisms of Feeling of Knowing......Page 430 Neuropsychology and Feeling of Knowing......Page 432 Judgments of Learning......Page 433 Factors That Influence Judgments of Learning......Page 437 Brain Mechanisms for Judgments of Learning......Page 439 Section Summary and Quiz......Page 440 Control Processes in Metamemory......Page 442 Labor-in-Vain Effect......Page 444 Region of Proximal Learning......Page 446 TOTs and Retrieval Time......Page 449 Retrospective Confidence......Page 450 The Déjà vu Experience......Page 453 Summary......Page 456 Review Questions......Page 457 Online Resources......Page 458 10 Memory Disorders......Page 459 What Is Amnesia?......Page 460 Patient HM......Page 461 Clive Wearing......Page 462 Anterograde Amnesia......Page 463 Implicit Memory in the Amnesic Syndrome......Page 465 Awareness in the Amnesic Syndrome......Page 467 Simulated Anterograde Amnesia......Page 470 Section Summary and Quiz......Page 471 Retrograde Amnesia......Page 473 Electroconvulsive Therapy......Page 477 Korsakoff’s Disease......Page 478 Behavioral Issues in Frontal Patients......Page 484 Transient Global Amnesia......Page 486 Short-Term Memory Amnesia......Page 488 Reduplicative Paramnesia and Capgrass Syndrome......Page 489 Section Summary and Quiz......Page 492 Psychogenic Amnesia......Page 494 Dissociative Amnesia......Page 496 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder......Page 497 Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 498 Causes of Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 500 Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 502 Memory Rehabilitation......Page 503 Summary......Page 504 Key Terms......Page 505 Review Questions......Page 506 Online Resources......Page 507 Memory in Infancy......Page 509 Visual Recognition......Page 510 Nonnutritive Sucking......Page 513 Conjugate Reinforcement Technique......Page 514 Imitation......Page 515 Memory for Language in Infancy......Page 516 Episodic Memory......Page 517 Section Summary and Quiz......Page 518 Memory in Early Childhood......Page 520 Why Does Memory Improve During Early Childhood?......Page 521 Memory Strategies View......Page 522 Memory Efficiency View......Page 524 Episodic Memory......Page 525 Memory Conversations and Episodic Memory......Page 527 Children’s Eyewitness Memory......Page 529 Memory and Stress in Children’s Episodic Memory......Page 531 Section Summary and Quiz......Page 535 Memory in Older Children......Page 537 Metamemory in Children......Page 541 Overconfidence in Judgments......Page 546 A Guide to Developing Memory Skills in Young Children......Page 549 Summary......Page 550 Key Terms......Page 551 Online Resources......Page 552 12 Memory in Older Adults......Page 554 Processing Speed......Page 559 Inhibition Theory......Page 562 Decline in the Strategic Use of Memory......Page 564 Section Summary and Quiz......Page 565 Age-Related Changes in Working Memory......Page 567 Semantic Memory......Page 571 Recall Versus Recognition in Episodic Memory......Page 572 False Memory in Older Adults......Page 575 Misattribution of Source......Page 576 Section Summary and Quiz......Page 578 Metamemory in Older Adults......Page 580 Judgments of Learning......Page 582 TOTs and Aging......Page 586 Use It or Lose It: Maintaining Memory Ability in Older Adults......Page 588 Mnemonic Tips for Older Adults......Page 590 The Neuroscience of Memory and Aging......Page 592 Summary......Page 593 Key Terms......Page 595 Online Resources......Page 596 13 Memory Improvement and Learning Efficiency: A User’s Guide......Page 597 1. Process for Meaning......Page 601 Technical Mnemonics......Page 604 Avoid Distraction to Enhance Meaning and Retention......Page 605 2. Engage in Retrieval Practice......Page 606 Retrieval Cues and Encoding Variability......Page 610 Section Summary and Quiz......Page 612 3. Use Metamemory......Page 614 Judgments of Learning as Mnemonic Improvement Tools......Page 615 Stability Bias......Page 618 4. Distribute Your Practice......Page 620 Avoid Cramming: Massed Versus Distributed Practice......Page 621 Section Summary and Quiz......Page 625 Myths and Methods to Avoid......Page 627 Mnemonists......Page 628 S......Page 629 Summary......Page 631 Key Terms......Page 632 Review Questions......Page 633 Online Resources......Page 634 Glossary......Page 635 References......Page 670 Author Index......Page 779 Subject Index......Page 815 About the Author......Page 847