Memorials to Shattered Myths : Vietnam to 9/11

"Memorials to Shattered Myths: Vietnam to 9/11 traces the evolution and consequences of a new hybrid paradigm, which grants a heroic status to victims of national tragedies, and by extension to their families, thereby creating a class of privileged participants in the permanent memorial process. Harriet F. Senie suggests that instead the victims' families be able to determine the nature of an interim memorial, one that addresses their needs in the critical time between the murder of their loved ones and the completion of the permanent memorial. She also observes that the memorials discussed herein are inadvertently based on strategies of diversion and denial that direct our attention away from actual events, and reframe tragedy as secular or religious triumph. In doing so, they camouflage history, and seen as an aggregate, they define a nation of victims, exactly the concept they and their accompanying celebratory narratives were apparently created to obscure."--Publisher's description acprof-9780190248390-miscMatter-1 Title Pages Harriet F. Senie Title Pages (p.i) Memorials to Shattered Myths (p.ii) (p.iii) Memorials to Shattered Myths Title Pages acprof-9780190248390-miscMatter-4 Dedication Harriet F. Senie Dedication acprof-9780190248390-miscMatter-5 Epigraph Harriet F. Senie Epigraph acprof-9780190248390-miscMatter-7 (p.ix) Acknowledgments Harriet F. Senie (p.ix) Acknowledgments (p.ix) Acknowledgments acprof-9780190248390-chapter-1 Introduction Harriet F. Senie Introduction Harriet F. Senie Abstract and Keywords Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Notes: Introduction Introduction Introduction acprof-9780190248390-chapter-2 The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall Harriet F. Senie The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall Harriet F. Senie Abstract and Keywords The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Commission The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Evolution of a New Paradigm The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Controversy The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall Additions to the Memorial The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Flagpole (p.22) The Three Servicemen The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall Vietnam Women’s Memorial The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The VVM as Symbolic Cemetery The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall Objects Left, Individuals Remembered The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Traveling Walls The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The VVM as Prototype The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Vietnam Veterans Education Center The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall Conclusion The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall Notes: The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: A Symbolic Cemetery on the National Mall acprof-9780190248390-chapter-3 Immediate Memorials: Mourning in Protest Harriet F. Senie Immediate Memorials: Mourning in Protest Harriet F. Senie Abstract and Keywords Immediate Memorials: Mourning in Protest Immediate Memorials: Mourning in Protest The Evolution of American Cemeteries Immediate Memorials: Mourning in Protest Immediate Memorials: Mourning in Protest Roadside Memorials Immediate Memorials: Mourning in Protest Immediate Memorials: Mourning in Protest (p.47) Celebrity Displays Immediate Memorials: Mourning in Protest Immediate Memorials: Mourning in Protest Immediate Memorials: Mourning in Protest Immediate Memorials: Mourning in Protest (p.50) Tributes to Sudden Death in the Street, Workplace, and School Immediate Memorials: Mourning in Protest Violent Crimes in the Workplace Immediate Memorials: Mourning in Protest (p.53) Immediate Memorials and Art Photography Immediate Memorials: Mourning in Protest (p.55) Artists’ Altars Immediate Memorials: Mourning in Protest Immediate Memorials: Mourning in Protest Appropriation Immediate Memorials: Mourning in Protest Immediate Memorials: Mourning in Protest Notes: Immediate Memorials: Mourning in Protest Immediate Memorials: Mourning in Protest Immediate Memorials: Mourning in Protest Immediate Memorials: Mourning in Protest Immediate Memorials: Mourning in Protest Immediate Memorials: Mourning in Protest Immediate Memorials: Mourning in Protest Immediate Memorials: Mourning in Protest Immediate Memorials: Mourning in Protest Immediate Memorials: Mourning in Protest Immediate Memorials: Mourning in Protest Immediate Memorials: Mourning in Protest acprof-9780190248390-chapter-4 Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Harriet F. Senie Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Harriet F. Senie Abstract and Keywords Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Immediate and Intermediate Memorials Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Defining the Built Memorial Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph The Memorial Competition Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph The Memorial Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph The Gates of Time Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph The Reflecting Pool (p.70) The Field of Chairs Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph The Survivor Tree Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph (p.74) Rescuers’ Orchard Children’s Area Survivors’ Wall Architectural Remains Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph The Memory Fence Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph The National Memorial Center Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Anniversaries The First Anniversary: April 19, 1996 Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph (p.85) The Second Anniversary (1997) Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph The Third Anniversary (1998) The Fourth Anniversary (1999) The Fifth Anniversary (2000) Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph The Sixth Anniversary (2001) Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph The Seventh Anniversary (2002) The Eighth Anniversary (2003) The Ninth Anniversary (2004) Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph The Tenth Anniversary (2005) Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Conclusion Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Notes: Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph Oklahoma City: Reframing Tragedy as Triumph acprof-9780190248390-chapter-5 Columbine: The Power of Denial Harriet F. Senie Columbine: The Power of Denial Harriet F. Senie Abstract and Keywords Columbine: The Power of Denial Columbine: The Power of Denial Columbine: The Power of Denial The Immediate Memorial Columbine: The Power of Denial Columbine: The Power of Denial Eradicating the Scene of Death Columbine: The Power of Denial Columbine: The Power of Denial (p.101) The Memorial Process Columbine: The Power of Denial Columbine: The Power of Denial Columbine: The Power of Denial Columbine: The Power of Denial The Columbine Memorial Columbine: The Power of Denial Columbine: The Power of Denial Columbine: The Power of Denial Columbine: The Power of Denial Contextualizing Columbine Secular Narratives Columbine: The Power of Denial Columbine: The Power of Denial Columbine: The Power of Denial Columbine: The Power of Denial (p.114) Memorial Films Columbine: The Power of Denial Columbine: The Power of Denial The Religious Frame Columbine: The Power of Denial Columbine: The Power of Denial Columbine: The Power of Denial (p.119) Conclusion Columbine: The Power of Denial Columbine: The Power of Denial Notes: Columbine: The Power of Denial Columbine: The Power of Denial Columbine: The Power of Denial Columbine: The Power of Denial Columbine: The Power of Denial Columbine: The Power of Denial Columbine: The Power of Denial Columbine: The Power of Denial Columbine: The Power of Denial Columbine: The Power of Denial Columbine: The Power of Denial Columbine: The Power of Denial Columbine: The Power of Denial Columbine: The Power of Denial Columbine: The Power of Denial acprof-9780190248390-chapter-6 Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Harriet F. Senie Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Harriet F. Senie Abstract and Keywords Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Immediate Memorials Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Union Square Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence St. Paul’s Chapel Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence The Proliferation of Photographs Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence (p.131) Exhibitions Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Artists’ Proposals Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Interim Memorials Relics of the Twin Towers Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Destroyed or Damaged Public Art Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Ground Zero Remains Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence The Tribute in Light Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence The Permanent Memorial: Absence vs. Presence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence The National September 11 Museum Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Notes: Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence Commemorating 9/11: From the Tribute in Light to Reflecting Absence acprof-9780190248390-chapter-7 Conclusion Harriet F. Senie Conclusion Harriet F. Senie Abstract and Keywords Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion The Memorial Process Reconsidered Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion Notes: Conclusion acprof-9780190248390-bibliography-1 (p.237) { Bibliography } Harriet F. Senie (p.237) { Bibliography } (p.237) { Bibliography } (p.237) { Bibliography } (p.237) { Bibliography } (p.237) { Bibliography } (p.237) { Bibliography } (p.237) { Bibliography } (p.237) { Bibliography } (p.237) { Bibliography } (p.237) { Bibliography } (p.237) { Bibliography } (p.237) { Bibliography } (p.237) { Bibliography } (p.237) { Bibliography } acprof-9780190248390-indexList-1 (p.247) { Index } Harriet F. Senie (p.247) { Index } (p.247) { Index } (p.247) { Index } (p.247) { Index } (p.247) { Index } (p.247) { Index } (p.247) { Index } (p.247) { Index } (p.247) { Index } (p.247) { Index } (p.247) { Index } (p.247) { Index } (p.247) { Index } (p.247) { Index } (p.247) { Index } (p.247) { Index } (p.247) { Index } (p.247) { Index } (p.247) { Index } (p.247) { Index } (p.247) { Index } (p.247) { Index } (p.247) { Index } (p.247) { Index } (p.247) { Index } (p.247) { Index } (p.247) { Index } The Vietnam War, Oklahoma City bombing, Columbine High School shooting, and attacks of 9/11 all shattered myths of national identity. Vietnam was a war the U.S. didn't win on the ground in Asia or politically at home; Oklahoma City revealed domestic terrorism in the heartland; Columbine debunked legends of high school as an idyllic time; and 9/11 demonstrated U.S. vulnerability to international terrorism. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial was intended to separate the victims from the war that caused their death. This focus on individuals lost (evident in all the memorials and museums discussed here) conflates the function of cemeteries, where deaths are singular and grieving is personal, with that of memorials - to remember and mourn communal losses and reflect on national events seen in a larger context. Memorials to Shattered Myths: Vietnam to 9/11 traces the evolution and consequences of this new hybrid paradigm, which grants a heroic status to victims and by extension to their families, thereby creating a class of privileged participants in the permanent memorial process.0 Although radically different, the Vietnam War, the Oklahoma City bombing, the Columbine High School shootings, and the attacks of 9/11 all shattered myths of national identity. Vietnam was a war the United States didn't win; Oklahoma City revealed domestic terrorism in the heartland; Columbine debunked legends of high school as an idyllic time; and 9/11 demonstrated U.S. vulnerability to international terrorism