Membrane Technologies for Water Treatment: Removal of Toxic Trace Elements with Emphasis on Arsenic, Fluoride and Uranium (Sustainable Water Developments ... Treatment, Efficiency and Reuse Book 1)

Focuses on the application of membrane technologies in removing toxic metals\metalloids from water. Particular attention is devoted to the removal of arsenic, uranium, and fluoride. These compounds are all existing in the earth’s crust at levels between two and five thousands micrograms per kg (parts per million) on average and these compounds can be considered highly toxic to humans, who are exposed to them primarily from air, food and water. In order to comply with the new maximum contaminant level, numerous studies have been undertaken to improve established treatments or to develop novel treatment technologies for removing toxic metals from contaminated surface and groundwater. Among the technologies available, applicable for water treatment, membrane technology has been identified as a promising technology to remove such toxic metals from water. The book describes both pressure driven (traditional processes, such as Nanofiltration, Reverse Osmosis, Ultrafiltration,etc) and more advanced membrane processes (such as forward osmosis, membrane distillation, and membrane bio-reactors) employed in the application of interest. Key aspect of this book is to provide information on both the basics of membrane technologies and on the results depending on the type of technology employed. Front Cover 1 Table of contents 38 About the book series 8 Editorial board 12 List of contributors 44 Foreword by Subhas K. Sikdar 46 Editors’ foreword 48 About the editors 50 Acknowledgements 54 Part I: Generality on arsenic, fluoride and uranium 56 1. Fluoride, uranium and arsenic: occurrence, mobility, chemistry, human health impacts and concerns 58 Part II: Traditional membrane processes 76 2. Arsenic removal by low pressure-driven membrane operations 78 3. Fluoride and uranium removal by nanofiltration 98 4. The use of reverse osmosis (RO) for removal of arsenic, fluoride and uranium from drinking water 110 5. Electro-membrane processes for the removal of trace toxic metal ions from water 128 6. Fluoride, arsenic and uranium removal from water using adsorbent materials and integrated membrane systems 144 Part III: New trends in materials and process development 170 7. Biosorbent materials and membranes for the treatment of toxic ions from water 172 8. Liquid membrane separations of uranium 186 9. Supported liquid membrane technology in the removal and recovery of toxic ions from water 214 10. Polymer inclusion membranes for the separation of uranium and arsenic from dilute aqueous solutions 234 11. Removal of arsenic by nanofiltration: a case study on novel membrane materials 256 12. Fate and removal of trace metals/metalloids and fluoride from urban wastewater by membrane bioreactors: pilot and ful-scaleexperiences 274 13. Membrane distillation for the treatment of waters contaminated by arsenic, fluoride and uranium 292 14. Removal of inorganic and organic trace contaminants by forward osmosis membranes 312 Book series page 330 Back Cover 332 Content: 1: Introduction 2: Bioadsorption materials and membranes for the treatment of toxic metal ions from water 3: Bioadsorption materials and membranes for the treatment of toxic metal ions from water 4: Arsenic removal by low pressure-driven membrane 5: Nanofiltration (NF) novel membrane and process for removal of arsenic 6: Removal of Fluoride and Uranium by nanofiltration 7: The use of Reverse Osmosis (RO) for removal of arsenic, fluorine and uranium from drinking water 8: Electro-membrane process for the treatment of toxic metal ions from water 9: Supported liquid membrane technology in the removal and recovery of toxic ions from water 10: Polymer Inclusion Membranes for the separation of uranium and arsenic from dilute aqueous solutions 11: Liquid membrane separations of uranium 12 Membrane Distillation (MD) for the treatment of waters contaminated by arsenic, fluoride and uranium 13: Fate and removal of trace metals from urban wastewater by membrane bioreactors: pilot and full-scale experiences 14: Contaminants removal by Forward Osmosis (FO) membranes