Meeting EURO6 emission regulations by multi-objective optimization of the injection strategy of two direct injectors in a DDFS engine 229

Meeting EURO6 emission regulations by multi-objective optimization of the injection strategy of two direct injectors in a D ... 1. Introduction 2. Computational approach and methodology 2.1. CFD model and validation 2.2. Artificial neural network (ANN) methodology 2.3. Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) methodology 3. Results and discussion 4. Conclusions Credit author statement Declaration of competing interest Appendix A.1. Mesh sensitivity study A.2. CFD model validation for other loads and strategies A.3. First law energy distribution formulas A.3. Second law exergy distribution formulas Nomenclature References