Medieval Islamic world : an intellectual history of science and politics

__Medieval Islamic World: An Intellectual History of Science and Politics__ surveys major scientific and philosophical discoveries in the medieval period within the broader Islamicate world, providing an alternative historical framework to that of the primarily Eurocentric history of science and philosophy of science and technology fields. __Medieval Islamic World__ serves to address the history of rationalist inquiry within scholarly institutions in medieval Islamic societies, surveying developments in the fields of medicine and political theory, and the scientific disciplines of astronomy, chemistry, physics, and mechanics, as led by medieval Muslim scholarship. Cover 1 Contents 9 Acknowledgments 11 In the Name of Allah (God), the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful 11 Abstracts and Keywords 15 Chapter One: Characteristics of the Islamic Civilization 15 Chapter Two: Qurʾanic Experimental Method 16 Chapter Three: The Impact of Islamic Medicine on Modern Civilization and Islamic Scientific Heritage of Medicine and Pharmacy 17 Chapter Four: The Impact of Islamic Political Theory on Modern Civilization 17 Chapter Five: Classical Muslim Scholars’ Contribution to the Fields of Astronomy, Geography, Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering (ʿIlm al-Ḥiyal) 18 Introduction 19 Notes 24 Bibliography 24 Chapter 1: Characteristics of the Islamic Civilization 25 Islamic Characteristics of Scientific Trends 30 Notes 35 Bibliography 39 Chapter 2: Qurʾanic Experimental Method 43 The Elements of the Scientific Experimental Method in the Qurʾan 43 Human Reasoning (al-qiyās) 45 Notes 57 Bibliography 61 Chapter 3: The Impact of Islamic Medicine on Modern Civilization, and Islamic Scientific Heritage of Medicine and Pharmacy 67 A Brief Overview of the History of Medicine 69 Medicine in the Prophetic Era 70 Medicine in the Umayyad Era 71 Medicine in the Abbasid Era 71 Specialized Branches of Medicine 88 Concluding Remarks 107 Notes 109 Bibliography 126 Chapter 4: The Impact of Islamic Political Theory on Modern Civilization 139 The Advice of Ṭāhir ibn Ḥusayn 140 Policy Vision of Ibn Zafar (“the Sicilian”) 142 About the Author of Consolation for the Ruler During the Hostility of Subjects 143 Brief History of Islamic Sicily 144 The Art of Politics by Machiavelli (d. 1527) 155 Points of Similarity 166 Points of Contrast 167 Conclusion 168 Notes 169 Bibliography 177 Chapter 5: Classical Muslim Scholars’ Contribution to the Fields of Astronomy, Geography, Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering (ʿilm al-hiyal) 183 Astronomy 183 Islamic Astrological Achievements 184 The Most Important Muslim Astronomers and Their Efforts 187 The Composition of the World 193 Models of the Seven Planetary Movements 194 Other Astronomical Works 194 The Astronomical Observatories 204 Astronomical Instruments 207 Geography 213 Muslim Scholars’ Contributions to Alchemy or Chemistry 224 Methodological Chemistry 226 Chemical Laboratories 228 Muslims and the Development of Physics 235 The Qurʾan and the Laws of Physics 236 Muslims and the Development of Physics 237 Mechanics (ʿIlm al-Ḥiyal) 247 Notes 255 Bibliography 273 Glossary 283 About the Author 287 Index 289 A Deep Historical Study Of The Efforts Of Scientists In Their Areas Of Specializations Will Illustrate How They Became Significant Contributors To Knowledge In The Modern Era. This Monograph Will Address Ancient Islamic Heritage In Terms That Show How The Heritage Of Islamic Civilization Is Still Alive In Our Time, Having Created For Us Important Fields Such As Science, Industry, And Equipment. Most Important Is The Rigorous Scientific Experimental Method Used In Islamic Sciences, A Method That Reached For Scientific Truth With Confidence And Power And Apart From Illusions. I Therefore Consider The Work Of Muslim Scholars From All Geographical Regions And Comment Upon The Participation Of Scholars In This Endeavor. This Study's Main Intent Is To Condense This Knowledge And Present Essential Information To Those Who Are Interested In Science And To Provide Seekers Of Knowledge, In Particular, Science. Characteristics Of The Islamic Civilization -- Qurʼanic Experimental Method -- The Impact Of Islamic Medicine On Modern Civilization And Islamic Scientific Heritage Of Medicine And Pharmacy -- The Impact Of Islamic Political Theory On Modern Civilization -- Classical Muslim Scholars' Contribution To The Fields Of Astronomy, Geography, Chemistry, Physics, And ʻilm Al-hiyal (mechanical Engineering). Labeeb Ahmed Bsoul. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Acknowledgments - Abstracts and Keywords - Introduction - Characteristics of the Islamic Civilization - Islamic Characteristics of Scientific Trends - Qurʼanic Experimental Method - The Elements of the Scientific Experimental Method in the Qurʼan - Human Reasoning (al-qiyās) - The Impact of Islamic Medicine on Modern Civilization and Islamic Scientific Heritage of Medicine and Pharmacy - The Impact of Islamic Political Theory on Modern Civilization - Classical Muslim Scholars' Contribution to the Fields of Astronomy,Geography, Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering (ʻIlm al-Ḥiyal) - Glossary - About the Author - Index