Medicinal Plant Biodiversity of Lesser Himalayas-Pakistan [recurso electrónico

Introduction : Lesser Himalayas -- Pakistan & Medicinal Plant Wealth -- Ethnobotanical aspects -- Medicinal Plants Inventory.;The Himalayan region is among the largest mountains systems of the world with uncounted unique medicinal plants resources. The lesser Himalayas ranges are the extension of Greater Himalayas. They have unique ecology, vegetation and diversity of medicinal flora due to tremendous variation in the altitude, climate and associated wildlife. ¡ The utilization of medicinal plants in medicine suffers from the fact that although plants are used to treat diseases, scientific evidence is lacking in many cases. Different societies of the world use the plants according to their own beliefs and knowledge and previous experiences. Their knowledge about the use of the plants is usually not known to the other world or science. This book provides a brief introduction of Lesser Himalayas, ethnobotanical aspects, marketing and anthropogenic pressure on medicinal flora. It comprises one hundred medicinal plant species including Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms (Monocots and Dicots) along with their scientific description and traditional uses. ¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ Arshad Mehmood Abbasi has obtained his M. Phil. in 2007 in Taxonomic and Ethnobotany of Medicinal Plants from Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. He has published 13 research papers in national and international journals of repute. His research work concentrates on medicinal plants, ethnobotany, biodiversity, wild edible food resources (fruits and vegetables). Currently he is PhD scholar and Research Associate in the Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. ¡ Prof. Dr. Mir Ajab Khan has obtained Ph. D. in 1984 in Plant bio-systematics from Leicester University England. His research work has concentrated on Asteraceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae, Labiatae, Scrophulariaceae, Boraginaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Solanaceae of flowering plants. He has taught 32 Ph. D. and 75 M. Phil students in pure and applied disciplines of plant sciences. He has published seven books and 311 scientific papers in different national and foreign journals. ¡ Dr. Mushtaq Ahmad obtained his Ph. D. in 2008 in plant taxonomy from Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. He has published 135 research papers in national and international journals of repute. He is author of six books. His research work has concentrated on authentication of problematic medicinal plants, fingerprinting, SEM techniques, biodiversity and biofuel technology. He is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. ¡ Dr. Muhammad Zafar is herbarium botanist in the Department of Plant Sciences at Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. He is author of three books. He has published 88 research papers in different national and international journals of repute. His research interests are medicinal plants and herbarium management. Cover_978-1-4614-1574-9 1 front-matter 2 Medicinal Plant Biodiversity of Lesser Himalayas-Pakistan 4 Preface 6 Contents 8 List of Figures 12 Chapter 1: Introduction: Lesser Himalayas—Pakistan and Medicinal Plant Wealth 16 Chapter 1: Introduction: Lesser Himalayas—Pakistan and Medicinal Plant Wealth 16 1.1 Pakistan 16 1.1.1 Physical Regions 17 1.1.2 Biodiversity 17 1.1.3 Ecological Zones 17 1.1.4 Critical Ecosystems 18 1.2 Himalayan Range 18 1.2.1 Topography 20 1.2.2 Glaciers and Rivers 20 1.2.3 Climate 20 1.2.4 Flora 22 1.2.5 Fauna 23 1.2.6 Livestock 24 1.2.7 Culture 24 1.2.8 Occupations 24 1.3 Medicinal Plants 25 1.4 Folk Recipes 27 1.5 Diagnosis and Prescription 28 1.6 Processing of Medicinal Plants 28 1.6.1 Collection and Identification 28 1.6.2 Preservation 29 1.6.3 Storage 29 1.6.4 Marketing 29 References 29 Chapter 2: Ethnobotanical Aspects 32 Chapter 2: Ethnobotanical Aspects 32 2.1 Ethnobotany 32 2.2 Medicinal Uses 35 2.3 Use of Plants as Food 36 2.4 Fuelwood Species 37 2.5 Fodder Species 39 2.6 Agricultural Implements 42 2.7 Fencing and Hedges 43 2.8 Construction Material 43 2.9 Miscellaneous Uses 43 2.10 Grafting 44 2.11 Beekeeping 44 2.12 Marketing of Medicinal Plants 45 2.13 Anthropogenic Pressure 47 2.13.1 Fire 47 2.13.2 Browsing 48 2.13.3 Grazing 48 2.13.4 Grass Cutting 49 2.13.5 Lopping 49 2.13.6 Torchwood 49 2.13.7 Climatic Factors 50 2.13.8 Wild Animals and Insects 50 2.13.9 Agriculture 50 2.14 Recommendations 51 References 52 Chapter 3: Medicinal Plants Inventory 54 Chapter 3: Medicinal Plants Inventory 54 3.1 Section A Pteridophytes 54 3.1.1 Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn. 54 3.1.2 Equisetum debile Roxb. 56 3.1.3 Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn 58 3.2 Section B Gymnosperms 60 3.2.1 Abies pindrow Royle 60 3.2.2 Pinus roxburghii Sargent 62 3.2.3 Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jackson 63 3.3 Section C (1) Angiosperms (Monocots) 65 3.3.1 Allium cepa Linn. 65 3.3.2 Allium sativum Linn. 67 3.3.3 Acorus calamus L. 68 3.3.4 Arisaema utile Hook.f.ex Schott 70 3.3.5 Colchicum luteum Baker 72 3.3.6 Aloe vera Linn. 74 3.3.7 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 75 3.3.8 Cyperus rotundus Linn. 76 3.3.9 Polygonatum verticillatum All. 79 3.3.10 Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. 80 3.3.11 Triticum aestivum Linn. 82 3.3.12 Zea mays Linn. 84 3.4 Section C (2) Angiosperms (Dicots) 86 3.4.1 Acacia catechu (L.F.) Wild 86 3.4.2 Acacia modesta Wall. 87 3.4.3 Acacia nilotica Linn. 89 3.4.4 Achyranthes aspera Linn. 92 3.4.5 Ajuga bracteosa Wall., ex Benth. 94 3.4.6 Amaranthus viridis Linn. 95 3.4.7 Argyrolobium roseum (Camb.) Jaub. & Spach 97 3.4.8 Berberis lycium Royle 98 3.4.9 Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. 101 3.4.10 Boerhaavia procumbens Banks ex Roxb. 102 3.4.11 Bombax ceiba Linn. 104 3.4.12 Brassica campestris Linn. 106 3.4.13 Calotropis procera ( Wild) R. Br. 107 3.4.14 Cannabis sativa Linn. 109 3.4.15 Carissa opaca Stapf-ex Haines 111 3.4.16 Cassia fistula Linn. 114 3.4.17 Cedrela toona Roxb. ex Wild 115 3.4.18 Chenopodium ambrosioides Linn. 117 3.4.19 Cichorium intybus Linn. 119 3.4.20 Cissampelos pariera L. 121 3.4.21 Citrus limon (Linn.) Burm. 123 3.4.22 Clematis grata Wall. 124 3.4.23 Convolvulus arvensis Linn. 126 3.4.24 Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. 127 3.4.25 Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. 129 3.4.26 Datura innoxia Miller 131 3.4.27 Debregeasia saeneb (Forssk.) Heper and Wood 132 3.4.28 Dodonaea viscosa Linn. 134 3.4.29 Euphorbia prostrata Ait 136 3.4.30 Ficus carica Forssk. 137 3.4.31 Ficus virgata Wall. ex Roxb. 139 3.4.32 Fumaria indica (Hausskan) Pugsley 141 3.4.33 Grewia tenax Drum. ex Burret 142 3.4.34 Hedera helix Alin Auct 144 3.4.35 Indigofera gerardiana Wall. 146 3.4.36 Ipomoea nil (Linn.) Roth 147 3.4.37 Justicia adhatoda (Linn.) Nees 149 3.4.38 Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell. Arg. 152 3.4.39 Melia azedarach Linn. 154 3.4.40 Mentha longifolia (Linn.) Huds 156 3.4.41 Mentha royleana Linn. 158 3.4.42 Myrsine africana Linn. 160 3.4.43 Olea ferruginea Royle 162 3.4.44 Otostegia limbata (Benth.) Boiss. 163 3.4.45 Oxalis corniculata Linn. 165 3.4.46 Paeonia emodi Wall. ex Royle 167 3.4.47 Papaver somniferum L. 168 3.4.48 Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene 170 3.4.49 Phyllanthus emblica Linn. 171 3.4.50 Pimpinella diversifolia (Wall.) D.C 173 3.4.51 Pistacia chinensis Bge. 175 3.4.52 Plantago lanceolata L. 177 3.4.53 Plantago major Linn. 178 3.4.54 Portulaca oleracea L. 180 3.4.55 Prunus persica (Linn.) Batsch 181 3.4.56 Punica granatum Linn. 183 3.4.57 Quercus incana Roxb. 186 3.4.58 Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus 187 3.4.59 Ranunculus laetus Wall. ex Hook. F. & Thoms. 189 3.4.60 Rhus chinensi L. 190 3.4.61 Rosa brunonii Lindley 193 3.4.62 Rosa indica Linn. 194 3.4.63 Rumex dentatus Linn. 195 3.4.64 Rumex hastatus D. Don 197 3.4.65 Salvia moorcroftiana Wall. ex Benth 199 3.4.66 Sageretia brandrethiana Aitch., J.L.S. 200 3.4.67 Solanum nigrum L. 202 3.4.68 Solanum surattense Burm. f. 204 3.4.69 Tagetes minuta Linn. 205 3.4.70 Taraxacum officinale Weber 207 3.4.71 Tribulus terrestris L. 208 3.4.72 Trichodesma indicum (L.) R. Br. 210 3.4.73 Tylophora hirsuta Linn. 212 3.4.74 Verbascum thapsus Linn. 213 3.4.75 Viola canescens Wall. ex Roxb. 214 3.4.76 Vitex negundo Linn. 216 3.4.77 Vitis vinifera Linn. 218 3.4.78 Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal 219 3.4.79 Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) S. Kurz 221 3.4.80 Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Prodr. 223 3.4.81 Zizyphus numalaria Linn. 224 3.4.82 Zizyphus oxyphylla Edgew. 226 References 228 INDEX 232 The Himalayan region is among the largest mountains systems of the world with uncounted unique medicinal plants resources. The lesser Himalayas ranges are the extension of Greater Himalayas. They have unique ecology, vegetation and diversity of medicinal flora due to tremendous variation in the altitude, climate and associated wildlife. The utilization of medicinal plants in medicine suffers from the fact that although plants are used to treat diseases, scientific evidence is lacking in many cases. Different societies of the world use the plants according to their own beliefs and knowledge and previous experiences. Their knowledge about the use of the plants is usually not known to the other world or science. This book provides a brief introduction of Lesser Himalayas, ethnobotanical aspects, marketing and anthropogenic pressure on medicinal flora. It comprises one hundred medicinal plant species including Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms (Monocots and Dicots) along with their scientific description and traditional uses. Arshad Mehmood Abbasi has obtained his M. Phil. in 2007 in Taxonomic and Ethnobotany of Medicinal Plants from Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. He has published 13 research papers in national and international journals of repute. His research work concentrates on medicinal plants, ethnobotany, biodiversity, wild edible food resources (fruits and vegetables). Currently he is PhD scholar and Research Associate in the Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Prof. Dr. Mir Ajab Khan has obtained Ph.D. in 1984 in Plant bio-systematics from Leicester University England. His research work has concentrated on Asteraceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae, Labiatae, Scrophulariaceae, Boraginaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Solanaceae of flower ing plants. He has taught 32 Ph.D. and 75 M.Phil students in pure and applied disciplines of plant sciences. He has published seven books and 311 scientific papers in different national and foreign journals. Dr. Mushtaq Ahmad obtained his Ph.D. in 2008 in plant taxonomy from Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. He has published 135 research papers in national and international journals of repute. He is author of six books. His research work has concentrated on authentication of problematic medicinal plants, fingerprinting, SEM techniques, biodiversity and biofuel technology. He is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Dr. Muhammad Zafar is herbarium botanist in the Department of Plant Sciences at Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. He is author of three books. He has published 88 research papers in different national and international journals of repute. His research interests are medicinal plants and herbarium management Front Matter....Pages i-xiii Introduction: Lesser Himalayas—Pakistan and Medicinal Plant Wealth....Pages 1-15 Ethnobotanical Aspects....Pages 17-38 Medicinal Plants Inventory....Pages 39-216 Back Matter....Pages 217-220