Medicinal and Aromatic Plants : Expanding Their Horizons Through Omics

Growing consumer interest in organic and herbal-based products has led to great demand in the botanicals industry in the past few years. However, the growing number of products utilizing medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) has threatened an estimated 9,000 medicinal plant species worldwide, making it critical to reevaluate their research and development, production, and utilization. Continuing advances in Omics methodologies and instrumentation are essential to understanding how plants cope with the dynamic nature of their growing environment, how yields and characteristics can be improved, and how to most effectively direct conservation efforts. With a focus on metabolomics, genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, and more, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Expanding Their Horizons through Omics illustrates the genetic mechanisms of MAPs, providing a better understanding of MAPs conservation and methods to improve characteristics for medical applications. With an introduction on the role of MAPs in human health, subsequent chapters discuss using proteomics to increase MAP yields and plant quality, genome editing, and CRISPR/Cas9. A valuable resource for farmers, scientists, chemists, biochemists, pharmacists, and students interested in medicinal and aromatic plants and plant biology, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Expanding Their Horizons through Omics ensures readers have the background knowledge to put the necessary methodologies into practice themselves. Includes in-depth analysis of Omics technologies for the enhancement of MAPs Discusses applications of MAPs including their role in human health Written by world-wide leading experts in the field Cover MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS Expanding their Horizons through Omics Copyright Dedication Contributors Preface_2021 Chapter 1 - Review of the active principles of medicinal and aromatic plants and their disease fighting properties Introduction Present scenario of medicinal plants Bioactive principles of medicinal and aromatic plants Biological activity of Melissa officinalis Biological activity of Ajuga bracteosa Biological properties of medicinal plants and their products Natural antimutagenic agents Vitamins Flavonoids Phenolic compounds Tannins Saponins Carotenoids Anthraquinones Diterpenoids Hormonal steroids Marine products Food products as antimutagens Disease fighting properties of medicinal and aromatic plants References Chapter 2 - Unraveling the mode of action of medicinal plants in delaying age-related diseases using model organisms Introduction Scenario of increased lifespan expectancy and synthetic medicine The need for a model system Conserved pathways involved Insulin-like signaling (IIS) pathway mTOR pathway and autophagy Sirtuins and acetyltransferases ROS and antioxidant equilibrium Telomerase activity Gut microbiome Bioactives activating multi targets Challenges Conclusion References Chapter 3 - Metabolomics and fluxomics studies in the medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus List of Abbreviations Introduction Biological activity of C. roseus Phytochemicals of C. roseus Main alkaloids of C. roseus Compartmentalization of terpenoid indole alkaloid in C. roseus Metabolomics Elicitation in cell suspended cultures of C. roseus Metabolomic analysis in plant tissues of C. roseus Metabolomic analysis in suspended cell cultures of C. roseus Fluxomics Fluxomics in plants Catharanthus roseus and fluxomics Conclusions References Chapter 4 - Multivariate analysis of herbal drugs with diverse pharmacological activities: metabolomics study Introduction Metabolomics approach in pharmaceutical industries Advantage and disadvantage of metabolomics Application of metabolomics in pharmacological studies Future perspectives Conclusion References Chapter 5 - Metabolomics: a recent advanced omics technology in herbal medicine research Introduction Plant metabolomics Advantages of metabolomics in herbal medicine research Commonly used metabolomics approaches in the herbal medicine research LC-MS-based comprehensive analysis of untargeted metabolites in medicinal plants A typical workflow of LC-MS based untargeted metabolomics studies NMR-based comprehensive analysis of untargeted metabolites in medicinal plants Workflow of NMR-based untargeted metabolomics studies Quality control of herbal medicine by the metabolomics approach Chemical profile and bioactivity linkage of herbal medicines by metabolomics approach Identification of mode of action and efficiency of herbal medicines by metabolomics approach Assessment of bioavailability and fate of the herbal medicine by metabolomics approach Safety and toxicity assessment of herbal medicines by metabolomics approach Detection of active principle in herbal product and quantitative prediction of its bioactivity by metabolomics approach Challenges in untargeted metabolomics studies and promising way to overcome them Conclusion Acknowledgments Competing interests References Chapter 6 - Genome editing: applications for medicinal and aromatic plants Introduction The CRISPR/Cas9 system Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated genetic transformations: a powerful tool for the production of metabolites Applications Rhazya stricta Metabolic engineering of TIA pathway in hairy roots Papaver bracteatum Rauwolfia serpentine Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated hairy root cultures Scale-up of R. serpentina hairy root culture TIA biosynthetic pathway engineering Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 7 - Cytogenetic and bioactive attributes of Crocus sativus (Saffron): a tool to unfold its medicinal mystery Introduction Origin and history of saffron Terminology Other taxonomic characteristics Cytogenetics of saffron Biochemical composition of saffron and their medicinal attributes Crocin and crocetin Medicinal attributes of crocin and crocetin Picrocrocin Medicinal attributes picrocrocin Safranal Medicinal attributes General pharmacological activities of saffron Important properties of saffron crop at molecular level Metabolomics Genomics Transcriptomics Proteomics Conclusion References Chapter 8 - Metabolic engineering for the production of plant therapeutic compounds List of Abbreviations Introduction Pathway engineering in medicinal plants Metabolic engineering of terpenoids Engineering precursor availability Engineering monoterpenoids Engineering sesquiterpenoids Engineering alkaloid biosynthesis Metabolic engineering of phenolic compounds Production of new antibiotics by manipulating genes encoding enzymes for a single pathway Rational design of new antibiotics by mixing genes from different pathways Role of transcription factors in metabolic engineering RNAi (RNA interference)-mediated gene silencing Combinatorial metabolic engineering for the production of plant therapeutic compounds Combinatorial metabolism of terpenoids Metabolic engineering of artemisinin biosynthetic pathway Metabolic engineering of paclitaxel biosynthetic pathway Metabolic engineering of alkaloid biosynthetic pathway Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids Vinca alkaloids Combinatorial metabolism of phenolic natural products Flavonoids Polyketide Stilbenes Conclusions and summary Acknowledgment References Chapter 9 - CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing in medicinal and aromatic plants: developments and applications Introduction CRISPR-Cas9 mechanism Applications Conclusion References Chapter 10 - Proteomics research in aromatic plants and its contribution to the nutraceuticals and pharmaceutical outcomes Introduction Proteomics studies on essential oil from aromatic plants Proteomic of growth and cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants Proteomics and aromatic/medicinal plant disease Proteomics medicinal and pharmaceutical properties Conclusion References Chapter 11 - Fluxes of nutrients in mycorrhiza: what has fluxomics taught us in the plant-fungus interaction? Introduction Mycorrhizal fungi and their impact on medicinal plants What is fluxomics? How is flow analyses carried out in the metabolic pathways? Kinetic models Stoichiometric models Fluxomics assisted by 13C Benefits of the interaction: fluxomic of nutrients between the plant and the fungus Fluxomics of carbon Fluxomics of nitrogen Nitrogen fluxes in spore germination Nitrogen fluxes in the plant-fungus symbiosis Fluxomics of phosphorus Perspectives for the future and conclusions References Chapter 12 - Metabolomics of medicinal and aromatic plants: Goldmines of secondary metabolites for herbal medicine research Introduction MAPs significance and secondary metabolites Metabolomics: a component of the “OMICS” system Strategies for metabolomic analysis Novel, high-throughput and cost-effective analytical platforms for metabolite profiling Metabolomics as a tool for quality evaluation of herbal products from MAPs Bioinformatics database resources for MAPs Conclusion and future perspectives References Chapter 13 - Exploration of biotechnological studies in low-calorie sweetener Stevia rebaudiana: present and future prospects Introduction Steviol glycosides: importance and biosafety Biotechnological interventions: improvements in S. rebaudiana In vitro studies in S. rebaudiana Transcriptomic-level studies in S. rebaudiana Future prospects Acknowledgments References Chapter 14 - Saffron (Crocus sativus L.): phytochemistry, therapeutic significance and omics-based biology Introduction Saffron life cycle Origin, history, and folk uses of saffron Distribution and production of saffron Saffron phytochemistry Apocarotenoids in saffron flowers Flavonoids in saffron flowers Saponins and other phytochemicals of saffron corms Saffron therapeutic significance Saffron omics Saffron tissue culture Saffron genomics Saffron transcriptomics Functional genomics of saffron Saffron miRNomics Saffron proteomics Saffron metabolomics Saffron bioinformatics Saffron metagenomics Conclusions References Chapter 15 - Exploitation of revered potent medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum with particular accent on oncotherapeutics Introduction Ganodermas Antioxidant property of Ganodermas Antitumor action of Ganoderma lucidum Antiviral activities of Ganoderma sp. Effects on nerves Ganoderma as Immunomodulator and treatment against cancer Ganoderma lucidum hampering propagation of human prostate Immunomodularity effects of Ganodermal polysaccharides in lung cancer Effects of G. lucidum on inflammatory breast cancer Remunerations of genome sequencing of Ganoderma lucidum Transcriptome investigation of G. lucidum Ganodermal bioactivity Polysaccharides of Ganoderma with non-accounted bioactivity Conclusion References About the editors Index Back Cover

Growing consumer interest in organic and herbal-based products has led to great demand in the botanicals industry in the past few years. However, the growing number of products utilizing medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) has threatened an estimated 9,000 medicinal plant species worldwide, making it critical to reevaluate their research and development, production, and utilization. Continuing advances in Omics methodologies and instrumentation are essential to understanding how plants cope with the dynamic nature of their growing environment, how yields and characteristics can be improved, and how to most effectively direct conservation efforts.

With a focus on metabolomics, genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, and more, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Expanding Their Horizons through Omics illustrates the genetic mechanisms of MAPs, providing a better understanding of MAPs conservation and methods to improve characteristics for medical applications. With an introduction on the role of MAPs in human health, subsequent chapters discuss using proteomics to increase MAP yields and plant quality, genome editing, and CRISPR/Cas9. A valuable resource for farmers, scientists, chemists, biochemists, pharmacists, and students interested in medicinal and aromatic plants and plant biology, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Expanding Their Horizons through Omics ensures readers have the background knowledge to put the necessary methodologies into practice themselves.

• Includes in-depth analysis of Omics technologies for the enhancement of MAPs
• Discusses applications of MAPs including their role in human health Written by world-wide leading experts in the field

Growing consumer interest in organic and herbal-based products has led to great demand in the botanicals industry in the past few years. However, the growing number of products utilizing medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) has threatened an estimated 9,000 medicinal plant species worldwide, making it critical to reevaluate their research and development, production, and utilization. Continuing advances in Omics methodologies and instrumentation are essential to understanding how plants cope with the dynamic nature of their growing environment, how yields and characteristics can be improved, and how to most effectively direct conservation efforts. With a focus on metabolomics, genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, and more, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Expanding Their Horizons through Omics illustrates the genetic mechanisms of MAPs, providing a better understanding of MAPs conservation and methods to improve characteristics for medical applications. With an introduction on the role of MAPs in human health, subsequent chapters discuss using proteomics to increase MAP yields and plant quality, genome editing, and CRISPR/Cas9. A valuable resource for farmers, scientists, chemists, biochemists, pharmacists, and students interested in medicinal and aromatic plants and plant biology, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Expanding Their Horizons through Omics ensures readers have the background knowledge to put the necessary methodologies into practice themselves. -- Provided by publisher