Media essentials : a brief introduction

About this Book Cover Page Inside Front Cover First Book Page Halftitle Page Title Page Copyright Page About the Authors Brief Contents Preface Contents Halftitle Page Mass Media Industries Chapter 1 Mass Communication: A Critical Approach The Evolution of Mass Communication The Oral and Written Eras The Print Era The Electronic Era The Digital Era The Digital Turn Case Study FOMO in a Digital World Web Clip Social Media and FOMO The Development of Media and Their Role in Society The Evolution of Media: From Emergence to Convergence Debating Media’s Role in Everyday Life LaunchPad Agenda-Setting and Gatekeeping The Cultural Approach to Media Studies Moving from a Linear Model to a Cultural Model Surveying the Cultural Landscape Tracing Changes in Values Critiquing Media and Developing Media Literacy Media Literacy and the Critical Process The Critical Process Behind Media Literacy Benefits of a Critical Perspective Media Literacy Case Study Masculinity and the Media LaunchPad Masculinity on Screen: Tough Guise 2 Chapter Essentials Review Key Terms Study Questions LaunchPad Chapter 2 Books and the Power of Print The Early History of Books: From Papyrus to Paperbacks Papyrus, Parchment, and Codex: The Development Stage of Books Writing and Printing Innovations: Books Enter the Entrepreneurial Stage The Printing Press and the Publishing Industry: Books Become a Mass Medium The Evolution of Modern Publishing The Formation of Publishing Houses Types of Books Trends in Contemporary Book Publishing Convergence: Books in the Digital Age Self-Publishing Audio Books Influences of Television and Film in the Digital Age LaunchPad Based On: Making Books into Movies The Organization and Economics of the Book Industry The Conglomerates The Structure of Book Publishing The Digital Turn Case Study The Epic Rise of Instapoets Web Clip Rupi Kaur: Instapoet Selling Books LaunchPad Amazon’s Brick-and-Mortar Bookstores Books in a Democratic Society Physical Deterioration Censorship Resiliency of Reading Media Literacy Case Study Banned Books and “Family Values” LaunchPad Banned Books on Screen: Huck Finn Chapter Essentials Review Key Terms Study Questions LaunchPad Chapter 3 Newspapers to Digital Frontiers: Journalism’s Journey The Early History of American Journalism Colonial Newspapers and the Partisan Press The Penny Press: Becoming a Mass Medium Yellow Journalism The Evolution of Newspaper Journalism: Competing Models and the Rise of Professionalism “Objectivity” and Professionalization in Modern Journalism Interpretive Journalism Media Literacy Case Study Investigative Journalism: In the “Spotlight” LaunchPad Investigative Journalism on Screen: Spotlight Journalism Evolves across Media Journalism on the Airwaves Internet Convergence Accelerates Changes to Journalism The Culture of News and Rituals of Reporting What Is News? Values in American Journalism When Values Collide: Ethics and the News Media The Economics of Journalism in the Twenty-First Century A Business Model in Transition Newspaper Operations Consolidation and a Crash LaunchPad Newspapers and the Internet: Convergence Changes, Challenges, and Threats to Journalism Today Social Media Citizen Journalism Satiric Journalism Fake News The Digital Turn Case Study Attacking Journalism: Trolls and State-Sponsored Troll Armies Web Clip Global Attacks on Journalism Journalism in a Democratic Society Social Responsibility The Troubled Future of Journalism Chapter Essentials Review Key Terms Study Questions LaunchPad Chapter 4 Magazines in the Age of Specialization The Early History of Magazines The First Magazines: European Origins Magazines in Eighteenth-Century America: The Voices of Revolution Magazines in Nineteenth-Century America: Specialization and General Interest Going National as the Twentieth Century Approaches The Evolution of Modern American Magazines Distribution and Production Costs Plummet Muckrakers Expose Social Ills General-Interest Magazines Hit Their Stride General-Interest Magazines Decline Media Literacy Case Study The Evolution of Photojournalism Web Clip The Power of Photojournalism Types of Magazines: Domination of Specialization LaunchPad Magazine Specialization Today Men’s and Women’s Magazines Entertainment, Leisure, and Sports Magazines Age-Specific Magazines Elite Magazines Minority-Targeted Magazines Trade Magazines Alternative Magazines Supermarket Tabloids Online Magazines LaunchPad Narrowcasting in Magazines The Organization and Economics of Magazines Magazine Departments and Duties The Digital Turn Case Study Snapchats and Podcasts: Magazine Publishing Turns New Pages LaunchPad Magazines on Screen: 13 Going on 30 Major Magazine Chains Magazines in a Democratic Society Chapter Essentials Review Key Terms Study Questions LaunchPad Chapter 5 Sound Recording and Popular Music The Early History and Evolution of Sound Recording From Cylinders to Disks: Sound Recording Becomes a Mass Medium LaunchPad Sound Recordings from a Century Ago From Records to Tapes to CDs: Analog Goes Digital LaunchPad Recording Music Today From Downloads to Streaming: Sound Recording Goes through the Digital Turn The Music Industry and Radio: A Rocky Relationship Media Literacy Case Study The New Masters of Music Modernization: Daniel Ek, Spotify, and Streaming Services Web Clip Spotify and Streaming U.S. Popular Music and the Rise of Rock The Rise of Pop Music Rock and Roll Arrives Rock Blurs Additional Boundaries The Evolution of Pop Music The British Are Coming! Motown: The Home of Soul Folk and Psychedelic: Protest and Drugs Punk and Indie Respond to Mainstream Rock Hip-Hop Redraws Musical Lines The Country Road The Economics of Sound Recording A Shifting Power Structure The Indies Grow with Digital Music Making, Selling, and Profiting from Music The Digital Turn Case Study 360 Degrees of Music LaunchPad Touring on Screen: Katy Perry Sound Recording in a Democratic Society Chapter Essentials Review Key Terms Study Questions LaunchPad Chapter 6 Popular Radio and the Origins of Broadcasting The Early History of Radio Inventors Paving the Way: Morse, Maxwell, and Hertz Innovators in Wireless: Marconi, Fessenden, and De Forest Early Regulation of Radio The Networks The Radio Act of 1927 The Golden Age of Radio The Evolution of Radio Transistors: Making Radio Portable The FM Revolution The Rise of Format Radio The Characteristics of Contemporary Radio Format Specialization Nonprofit Radio and NPR Media Literacy Case Study How Did Talk Radio Become So One-Sided? Web Clip News/Talk Radio on YouTube Radio and Convergence LaunchPad Going Visual: Video, Radio, and the Web The Digital Turn Case Study Streaming Services Set Their Sights on Broadcast Radio Web Clip Streaming Music Videos The Economics of Commercial Radio Selling Ads and Paying for Programming LaunchPad Radio: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow Manipulating Playlists with Payola Radio Ownership: From Diversity to Consolidation Radio in a Democratic Society Chapter Essentials Review Key Terms Study Questions LaunchPad Chapter 7 Movies and the Impact of Images LaunchPad Storytelling in Star Wars The Early History of Movies Advances in Film Technology Telling Stories: The Introduction of Narrative The Arrival of Nickelodeons The Evolution of the Hollywood Studio System Edison’s Attempt to Control the Industry A Closer Look at the Three Pillars Hollywood’s Golden Age: The Development of Style Narrative Techniques in the Silent Era Augmenting Images with Sound Inside the Hollywood System: Setting the Standard for Narrative Style LaunchPad Breaking Barriers with 12 Years a Slave Media Literacy Case Study Breaking through Hollywood’s Race Barrier LaunchPad A Hollywood Blockbuster: Black Panther Outside the Hollywood System: Providing Alternatives The Transformation of the Hollywood Studio System The Paramount Decision Flight to the Suburbs Television Changes Hollywood Hollywood Adapts to Home Entertainment The Economics of the Movie Business Making Money on Movies Today Conglomerations and Synergy in the Movie Industry Theater Chains Consolidate Exhibition Convergence: Movies Adjust to the Digital Turn The Digital Turn Case Study Attracting an Audience in a Digital Age Web Clip Digital Marketing for Popular Movies The Movies in a Democratic Society LaunchPad More Than a Movie: Social Issues and Film Chapter Essentials Review Key Terms Study Questions LaunchPad Chapter 8 Television, Cable, and Specialization in Visual Culture The Early History of Television Becoming a Mass Medium Controlling TV Content Staining Television’s Reputation Introducing Cable LaunchPad Television Networks Evolve The Evolution of Network Programming Information: Network News Entertainment: Comedy Entertainment: Drama LaunchPad Television Drama: Then and Now Talk Shows and TV Newsmagazines Reality Television Public Television Media Literacy Case Study Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation in TV Programming LaunchPad Race in TV Programming: Black-ish The Evolution of Cable Programming Basic Cable Premium Cable Regulatory Challenges Facing Television and Cable Restricting Broadcast Networks’ Control Reining in Cable’s Growth—for a While Technology and Convergence Change Viewing Habits Home Video and Recording The Internet, Smartphones, and Mobile Video The Digital Turn Case Study Bingeing Purges Traditional Viewing Habits LaunchPad Bingeable Series: Stranger Things DBS The Economics of Television, Cable, and Streaming Video Production Distribution Syndication Keeps Shows Going and Going . . . Measuring Television Viewing The Major Programming Corporations Television in a Democratic Society Chapter Essentials Review Key Terms Study Questions LaunchPad Chapter 9 The Internet and New Technologies: The Media Converge The Early History of the Internet Military Functions, Civic Roots The Net Widens The Evolution of the Internet: Going Commercial, Getting Social, Making Meaning The Commercialization of the Internet The Web Gets Social LaunchPad The Rise of Social Media The Digital Turn Case Study Social Media Fraud and Elections Web Clip Understanding Social Media Fraud The Next Era: The Semantic Web LaunchPad The Internet in 1995: The Net The Economics of the Internet Ownership: Controlling the Internet Targeted Advertising and Data Mining The Noncommercial Web Media Literacy Case Study Net Neutrality LaunchPad Reddit CEO on Net Neutrality Security and Appropriateness on the Internet Information Security: What’s Private? Personal Safety: Online Predators, Spreading Hate, and Deciding What’s Appropriate The Internet in a Democratic Society Access: Closing the Digital Divide Ownership and Customization Chapter Essentials Review Key Terms Study Questions LaunchPad Chapter 10 Digital Gaming and the Media Playground The Early History of Digital Gaming Mechanical Gaming The First Video Games The Evolution of Digital Gaming Arcades and Classic Games Consoles Power Up Computer Gaming The Internet and Social Gaming Trends and Issues in Digital Gaming Communities of Play: Inside the Game Communities of Play: Outside the Game Immersion and Addiction The Digital Turn Case Study Games in the Great Wide Open: Pokémon Go and the Future of Mobile Gaming Web Clip Pokémon Go and Mobile Gaming Violence and Misogyny Media Literacy Case Study Fighting the Dark Side of Gaming Culture: Anita Sarkeesian and Feminist Frequency LaunchPad Anita Sarkeesian and #GamerGate The Economics of Digital Gaming Selling Digital Games LaunchPad Video Games at the Movies: Resident Evil Making Digital Games Digital Gaming in a Democratic Society Self-Regulation Free Speech and Video Games Alternate Voices Chapter Essentials Review Key Terms Study Questions LaunchPad Media Framing Industries Chapter 11 Advertising and Commercial Culture The Early History of American Advertising: 1850s to 1950s The First Advertising Agencies Retail Stores: Giving Birth to Branding Patent Medicines: Making Outrageous Claims Department Stores: Fueling a Consumer Culture Transforming American Society Early Regulation of Advertising The Evolution of U.S. Advertising: 1950s to Today Visual Design Comes to the Fore New Breeds of Advertising Agencies Are Born Ad Agencies Develop a Distinctive Structure Online and Mobile Advertising Alter the Ad Landscape LaunchPad Advertising in the Digital Age The Digital Turn Case Study Does the Digital Turn Spell Doom for Network TV? LaunchPad Internet vs. TV Ad Spending Persuasive Techniques in Contemporary Advertising Using Conventional Persuasive Strategies Associating Products with Values Telling Stories Placing Products in Media Media Literacy Case Study Idiots and Objects: Stereotyping in Advertising Web Clip Parodying Ad Stereotypes Commercial Speech and Regulating Advertising Targeting Children and Teens LaunchPad Advertising and Effects on Children Triggering Anorexia and Overeating Promoting Smoking Promoting Drinking Hawking Drugs Directly to Consumers Monitoring the Advertising Industry Advertising in a Democratic Society Chapter Essentials Review Key Terms Study Questions LaunchPad Chapter 12 Public Relations and Framing the Message Early History of Public Relations Age of the Press Agent: P. T. Barnum and Buffalo Bill Business Adopts Press Agent Methods Professional Public Relations Emerges Media Literacy Case Study The Invisible Hand of PR Web Clip The Influence of Edward Bernays The Evolution of Public Relations PR Agencies and In-House PR Staffs A Closer Look at Public Relations Functions The Digital Turn Case Study Military PR in the Digital Age Web Clip Military PR and Lady Gaga Public Relations in the Internet Age Tensions between Public Relations and the Press Elements of Interdependence LaunchPad Give and Take: Public Relations and Journalism Journalists’ Skepticism about PR Practices Shaping PR’s Image Public Relations in a Democratic Society Chapter Essentials Review Key Terms Study Questions LaunchPad Media Expressions Chapter 13 Legal Controls and Freedom of Expression The Origins of Free Expression and a Free Press A Closer Look at the First Amendment Interpretations of Free Expression The Evolution of Censorship Unprotected Forms of Expression The Digital Turn Case Study Is “Sexting” Pornography? LaunchPad MTV Explores Sexting and the Law First Amendment versus Sixth Amendment LaunchPad Bloggers and Legal Rights Film and the First Amendment Citizens and Lawmakers Control the Movies The Movie Industry Regulates Itself The First Amendment, Broadcasting, and the Internet The FCC Regulates Broadcasting Dirty Words, Indecent Speech, and Hefty Fines Political Broadcasts and Equal Opportunity The Demise of the Fairness Doctrine Communication Policy and the Internet The First Amendment in a Democratic Society Media Literacy Case Study Fake News, the First Amendment, and Fighting Propaganda Web Clip Stopping the Spread of Fake News Chapter Essentials Review Key Terms Study Questions LaunchPad Chapter 14 Media Economics and the Global Marketplace The Transition to an Information Economy How Media Industries Are Structured From Regulation to Deregulation The Rise of Media Powerhouses The Digital Turn Case Study Are the Big Digital Companies Too Big? LaunchPad The Impact of Media Ownership Analyzing the Media Economy How Media Companies Operate How the Internet Is Changing the Game Business Trends in Media Industries The Age of Hegemony Specialization and Global Markets The Rise of Specialization and Synergy Disney: A Postmodern Media Conglomerate LaunchPad Disney’s Global Brand: Frozen The Growth of Global Audiences Media Literacy Case Study Netflix and Change: The Streaming Revolution and the Business of Content Creation Web Clip Netflix on YouTube Social Issues in Media Economics The Limits of Antitrust Laws The Fallout from a Free Market Cultural Imperialism The Media Marketplace in a Democratic Society Chapter Essentials Review Key Terms Study Questions LaunchPad Chapter 15 Media Effects and Cultural Approaches to Media Research Early Media Research Methods Propaganda Analysis Public Opinion Research Social Psychology Studies Marketing Research The Digital Turn Case Study Artificial Intelligence Gets Personal Web Clip Amazon’s Powerful Algorithm Research on Media Effects Early Models of Media Effects Conducting Media Effects Research Contemporary Theories of Media Effects Evaluating Research on Media Effects LaunchPad Media Effects Research Cultural Approaches to Media Research Early Developments in Cultural Studies Media Research Contemporary Cultural Studies Approaches Evaluating Cultural Studies Research Media Literacy Case Study Does Art Imitate Life or Life Imitate Art? TV Depictions of Suicide and Copycat Fears LaunchPad Suicide on TV: 13 Reasons Why Media Research in a Democratic Society Chapter Essentials Review Key Terms Study Questions LaunchPad Notes Glossary Index Video Program for Media Essentials, Fifth Edition Inside Back Cover Back Cover