Mechanosensing and Mechanochemical Transduction in Extracellular Matrix : Biological, Chemical, Engineering, and Physiological Aspects

Mechanosensing and Mechanochemical Transduction in Extracellular Matrix is the only single authored text on biological polymers available for bioengineering and biomedical engineering students. This book describes the structure of polymers and how these molecules are put together to make the tissues of the body and also their role in surgical implants and in structural diseases. Mechanosensing and Mechanochemical Transduction in Extracellular Matrix is intended to serve as a textbook at the graduate and advanced undergraduate level in a biomedical engineering curriculum. Contents......Page 9 Foreword......Page 5 Preface......Page 7 Acknowledgments......Page 8 1.1 Background......Page 15 1.1.1 Significance......Page 17 1.1.2 Background Definitions......Page 18 1.2.1 Cellular Components......Page 22 1.2.2 Macromolecular Structure......Page 30 1.4 Cell Cytoskeleton, Extracellular Matrix, and Mechanochemical Transduction......Page 34 1.5 Internal Stresses in Tissues......Page 36 1.5.1 Internal Stresses Acting within Cartilage......Page 37 1.6 Mechanical Properties......Page 38 1.8 Scope of Book......Page 39 Suggested Reading......Page 41 2.1 Introduction......Page 42 2.2.1 Stereochemistry of Polypeptides......Page 45 2.2.2 Primary and Secondary Structure......Page 51 2.2.3 Supramolecular Structure......Page 59 2.2.4 Examples of Other Proteins......Page 70 2.2.5 Cell Attachment Factors......Page 73 2.2.6 Integrins......Page 74 2.3 Polysaccharides......Page 76 2.3.2 Stereochemistry of Polysaccharides......Page 77 2.3.3 Structure of Glycosaminoglycans......Page 80 2.4 Glycoprotein and Proteoglycan Structure......Page 82 2.5 Stereochemistry of Lipids......Page 86 2.6.1 Primary and Secondary Structure of DNA and RNA......Page 87 2.8 Summary......Page 88 Suggested Reading......Page 89 3.1 Introduction......Page 90 3.1.1 Generalized Approach to Tissue Structural Analyses......Page 95 3.2 Structure of External and Internal Lining Tissues......Page 96 3.2.1 Histology of Alveoli and Bronchus......Page 98 3.2.3 Oral Histology......Page 99 3.2.4 Histology of Peritoneum and Pleura......Page 100 3.2.5 Histology of Skin......Page 101 3.2.6 Histology of Uterus......Page 107 3.3 Conduit and Holding Structures......Page 108 3.3.1 Structure of Blood Vessels and Lymphatics......Page 109 3.3.2 Structure of Stomach and Intestines......Page 113 3.3.3 Structure of Bladder and Ureter......Page 115 3.5 Skeletal Structures......Page 116 3.5.1 Detailed Structure and Composition of Hyaline Cartilage......Page 121 3.5.2 Detailed Structure and Composition Tendon, Ligament, and Joint Capsule......Page 128 3.5.3 Detailed Structure of Mineralizing Tendon......Page 130 Suggested Reading......Page 133 4.1 Introduction......Page 134 4.2 Viscosity......Page 135 4.2.1 What Is Viscosity?......Page 136 4.2.3 Determination of Intrinsic Viscosity......Page 137 4.2.4 Intrinsic Viscosity of Biological Macromolecules......Page 139 4.3 Light Scattering......Page 140 4.4 Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering......Page 144 4.5 Ultracentrifugation......Page 148 4.6 Electron Microscopy......Page 149 4.7 Determination of Physical Parameters for Biological Macromolecules......Page 151 4.8 Summary......Page 152 Suggested Reading......Page 153 5.1 Introduction......Page 154 5.2 Theory of Assembly of Biological Macromolecules......Page 156 5.3 Methods for Studying Self-Assembly Processes......Page 158 5.3.1 Light Scattering......Page 159 5.3.2 Equilibrium Ultracentrifugation......Page 161 5.3.3 Electron Microscopy......Page 162 5.4 Collagen Self-Assembly......Page 163 5.4.1 Collagen Assemby in Developing Tendon......Page 166 5.5.1 Actin Self-Assembly......Page 173 5.5.2 Tubulin......Page 174 5.7 Fibrinogen......Page 177 5.8 Summary......Page 179 Suggested Reading......Page 180 6.1 Introduction......Page 182 6.2 Mechanical Properties of Model Polypeptides......Page 184 6.3.1 Mechanical Properties of Oriented Collagen Networks......Page 188 6.3.3 Mechanical Properties of Alignable Composite Networks......Page 190 6.3.4 Mechanical Properties of Hard Tissue......Page 192 6.5 Summary......Page 193 Suggested Reading......Page 194 7.1 Introduction......Page 195 7.3 Molecular Basis of Elastic and Viscous Properties......Page 198 7.4 Experimental Determination of Elastic and Viscous Mechanical Properties......Page 199 7.4.1 Determination of Elastic and Viscous Stress–Strain Curves for Tendon......Page 200 7.4.2 Determination of Elastic and Viscous Stress–Strain Curves for Model Collagen Fiber Systems......Page 201 7.4.3 Determination of Elastic and Viscous Stress–Strain Curves for Skin......Page 206 7.4.5 Determination of Elastic and Viscous Properties of Cartilage......Page 207 7.4.7 Effects of Strain Rate and Cyclic Loading......Page 209 7.5 Internal Loads in ECMs and the Net Load and Stress......Page 210 Suggested Reading......Page 211 8.2 Modeling Techniques......Page 213 8.3 Mechanical Modeling of Aligned Connective Tissue......Page 217 8.3.1 Mechanical Models of Mineralized Tendon......Page 220 8.5 Mechanical Models of Composite ECMs......Page 222 8.6 Mechanical Models of Vessel Walls......Page 223 Suggested Reading......Page 224 9.1 Introduction......Page 225 9.2 How Is Gravity Sensed by Cells?......Page 226 9.2.1 Gravity and Cellular Responses......Page 227 9.3 Intracellular Signal Transduction Mechanisms......Page 232 9.3.2 Influence of Mechanical Forces on Protein Synthesis......Page 236 9.4 Stresses in Extracellular Matrices and Mechanochemical Transduction......Page 237 9.4.1 Internal Tensile Stresses in Skin......Page 239 9.4.2 Internal Tensile Stresses in Cartilage......Page 240 9.4.4 Internal Stresses in Vessel Wall......Page 243 9.5 Influence of External Forces on the Behavior of Skin and Skin Cells......Page 244 9.5.1 Influence of External Forces on Vessel Walls......Page 245 9.5.2 Influence of External Forces on Bone......Page 246 9.6 Summary of the Effects of Internal and External Mechanical Forces......Page 248 9.7 Influence of External Forces on Macromolecular Components of ECM......Page 249 9.8 Effects of Physical Forces on Cell–ECM Interactions......Page 250 9.8.1 Influence of Mechanical Forces on Skin Cells......Page 251 9.8.2 Influence of Mechanical Forces on Lung Cells......Page 254 9.8.3 Influence of Mechanical Forces on Vessel Wall Cells......Page 256 9.8.4 Mechanochemical Transduction by Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (VSMCs)......Page 257 9.8.5 Influence of Soluble Mediators and Mechanical Forces on Articular Cartilage Cells......Page 259 9.8.6 Influence of Mechanical Forces on Bone-Forming Cells......Page 261 9.9 Summary......Page 264 References......Page 265 10.1 Introduction......Page 276 10.2 Relationship Between Mechanotransduction and Aging......Page 277 10.3 Design and Use of Medical Implants Including Engineered Tissues......Page 278 10.4 Relationship Between Mechanochemical Transduction and Connective Tissue Diseases......Page 279 10.5 Wound Healing and Scarring......Page 283 10.6 Summary......Page 284 A......Page 285 B......Page 286 C......Page 287 E......Page 290 F......Page 292 G......Page 293 H......Page 294 I......Page 295 L......Page 296 M......Page 297 O......Page 299 P......Page 300 R......Page 301 S......Page 302 T......Page 304 Z......Page 306 Mechanosensing and Mechanochemical Transduction in Extracellular Matrix offers the reader recent information in addition to models of how mechanical information is transduced into genetic and biochemical changes at the cellular and tissue levels. Mechanosensing and Mechanochemical Transduction in Extracellular Matrix is intended to serve as a textbook at the graduate and advanced undergraduate level in a biomedical engineering curriculum. Topics covered include: Structure of Macromolecules That Make Up Tissue Structure Microscopic and Macroscopic Tissue Structures Methods For Analyzing Macromolecular Structure and Physical Properties Self-Assembly of Biological Macromolecules Involved In Mechanotransduction Mechanical Properties of Biological Macromolecules Viscoelastic Properties of Macromolecules and Tissues Models of Mechanical Properties of Tissues Mechanochemical Sensing and Transduction Mechanochemical Transduction and Its Role in Biology Mechanosensing and Mechanochemical Transduction in Extracellular Matrix is essential reading for biomedical engineers, biologists, physicians, health care professionals and other biomedical researchers who are interested in understanding how physical forces affect the biology, physiology and pathophysiology of humans. About the Author: Frederick H. Silver, Ph. D., is an expert on the effect of mechanical forces on extracellular matrix. He has been a faculty member in Biomedical Engineeering departments at Boston University, University of Minnesota and Rutgers University. He is currently Professor of Pathology and Laboratory medicine at UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School