Mechanics of Offshore Pipelines, Volume 2 : Buckle Propagation and Arrest

Buckle propagation is a problem unique to offshore pipelines, in which the local collapse of a locally weakened section of the pipe initiates a collapse that propagates at high speed catastrophically flattening the line by kilometers. The lowest pressure that can sustain the propagation of the collapse, the propagation pressure, is only a small fraction of the collapse pressure of the intact pipe. The large difference between these two pressures requires that pipelines be designed on the collapse pressure, and the extent of the potential catastrophic damage suffered is limited by the periodic introduction of buckle arrestors to the line. Volume 2 of the book series Mechanics of Offshore Pipelines addresses the major aspects of buckle propagation including its initiation, establishment of the propagation pressure, and the dynamics of buckle propagation. Buckle propagation under tension, in pipe-in-pipe pipeline systems, and confined buckle propagation in tubulars such as grouted casing are examined in dedicated chapters. Three chapters deal with the performance of the most commonly used buckle arrestors under both quasi-static and dynamic buckle propagation. Each of these problems is studied through experiments, analyses, and large-scale numerical simulations. The results are used to provide empirical design equations and design guidelines on how to mitigate the effects of buckle propagation. Buckle propagation and arrest approached from both fundamental and applied points of view Provides data, empirical design formulae, and design guidelines Teaches how to analyze buckle propagation and mitigate its effects through experiment and modeling Based on the 40-year research and practice of the most eminent researcher in the subject Front-Matter_2021_Mechanics-of-Offshore-Pipelines--Volume-2 Front Matter Copyright_2021_Mechanics-of-Offshore-Pipelines--Volume-2 Copyright Dedication_2021_Mechanics-of-Offshore-Pipelines--Volume-2 Dedication Preface_2021_Mechanics-of-Offshore-Pipelines--Volume-2 Preface Chapter-1---Introduction_2021_Mechanics-of-Offshore-Pipelines--Volume-2 Introduction Contents Buckle Propagation in Offshore Pipelines Examples of Other Propagating Instabilities Buckle Initiation and Propagation Scenarios From Offshore Pipeline Operations Dynamic Buckle Propagation Influence of the Propagation Pressure on Pipeline Design Buckle Arrestors Arrestor performance Review of Buckling and Local Collapse of Pipelines Buckling and collapse under external pressure Buckling and collapse under combined tension and external pressure Buckling and collapse under combined bending and external pressure Collapse of dented pipes under external pressure Collapse of partially worn of corroded pipe under external pressure Brief Review of the Contents of the Book References Chapter-2---On-the-Propagation-Pressure-_2021_Mechanics-of-Offshore-Pipeline On the Propagation Pressure of Pipelines Contents Introduction Experimental Determination of the Propagation Pressure of a Pipeline Propagation Pressure Experimental Results Prediction of the Propagation Pressure Uniform collapse discrete models Uniform collapse finite element model 2-D collapse of tube 1-SO4 2-D collapse of tube 2-CP992 Simulation of initiation and steady-state buckle propagation Buckle propagation in tube 1-SO4 Parametric Study Numerical simulation of a set of five propagation pressure experiments Effect of material hardening Effect of D/t Conclusions and Design Recommendations References Chapter-3---Propagation-Pressure-Under_2021_Mechanics-of-Offshore-Pipelines- Propagation Pressure Under Tension Contents Introduction Experimental Determination of the Propagation Pressure of Pipes Under Tension Propagation Pressure Results Prediction of PPT Discrete models Uniform collapse finite element model Simulation of steady-state buckle propagation under tension Buckle propagation under tension for tube SO4 Effect of D/t Conclusions and Design Recommendations References Chapter-4---Buckle-Propagation-in-Confined_2021_Mechanics-of-Offshore-Pipeli Buckle Propagation in Confined Tubes and Liners Contents Introduction Confined buckle propagation scenario Experimental Determination of the Confined Propagation Pressure of a Tube Experimental Results Linearly Elastic Shells Prediction of the Confined Propagation Pressure Elastic liners Elastic-plastic liners 2-D collapse of confined tube Numerical simulation of initiation and steady-state confined buckle propagation Limited parametric study of PPC Additional simulations of experiments for estimating PPC Confined propagation profile length Effect of hardening modulus on PPC Conclusions and Design Recommendations References Chapter-5---Buckle-Propagation-in-Pipe-i_2021_Mechanics-of-Offshore-Pipeline Buckle Propagation in Pipe-in-Pipe Systems Contents Introduction Experimental Determination of the Propagation Pressure of Pipe-in-Pipe Systems Experimental Results D/t24.1 D/t21.1 D/t16.7 Empirical Relationships PPS PP2 Prediction of the Propagation Pressure of Pipe-in-Pipe Systems Uniform collapse discrete models Uniform collapse numerical models Solid inserts Pipe-in-pipe systems Full-scale numerical simulation of steady-state buckle propagation in P-I-P systems Propagation of collapse in a single pipe Propagation of collapse over solid inserts Propagation of collapse in pipe-in-pipe systems Pipe-in-pipe systems with two quasi-static propagation events Conclusions and Design Considerations References Chapter-6---Dynamic-Buckle-Propaga_2021_Mechanics-of-Offshore-Pipelines--Vol Dynamic Buckle Propagation Contents Introduction Experimental Methods and Procedures for Dynamic Buckle Propagation Experimental Set-up I (Kyriakides & Netto, 2000) Experimental Set-up II Experimental Results Dynamic propagation results Set I (Kyriakides & Netto, 2000) Buckle velocity Buckle profile length The flip-flop mode of buckle propagation Dynamic propagation results Set II (2010-15) Analysis Numerical Results Quasi-static buckle propagation Dynamic buckle propagation Buckle velocity as a function of pressure Study of the buckle profile Simulation of the flip-flop mode of buckle propagation Dynamic buckle propagation-induced strains Conclusions and Impact on Practice References Chapter-7---Integral-Buckle-Arrest_2021_Mechanics-of-Offshore-Pipelines--Vol Integral Buckle Arrestors Contents Introduction Experimental Determination of Integral Arrestor Crossover Pressure Experiments-I (Park & Kyriakides, 1997) Experiments-II (Lee et al., 2008) Numerical Modeling of Integral Buckle Arrestor Performances Finite element model Representative numerical results Buckle propagation-induced strains Additional numerical results Parametric Study of Integral Arrestor Efficiency Effect of arrestor length and thickness (Park & Kyriakides, 1997) Effect of pipe D/t on arrestor efficiency (Park & Kyriakides, 1997) Effect of pipe and arrestor yield stresses (Lee et al., 2008) Empirical design equation Recommended Design Procedure for Integral Buckle Arrestors Example of an integral arrestor design References Chapter-8---Dynamic-Performance-of-Integra_2021_Mechanics-of-Offshore-Pipeli Dynamic Performance of Integral Buckle Arrestors Contents Introduction Dynamic Propagation and Arrest Experiments Dynamic arrestor performance in water Dynamic arrestor performance in air Strain Rate Effects Numerical Evaluation of the Performance of Integral Arrestors Under Dynamic Buckle Propagation Finite element modeling Constitutive model Quasi-static arrestor performance Dynamic arrestor performance Dynamic performance of arrestor 3 Dynamic performance of arrestor 4 Summary of dynamic performance of integral arrestors analyzed numerically Conclusions and Design Recommendations References Chapter-9---Slip-On-and-Clamped-Buckle_2021_Mechanics-of-Offshore-Pipelines- Slip-On and Clamped Buckle Arrestors Contents Introduction Experimental Determination of Slip-On Arrestor Crossover Pressure Limits on Arresting Efficiency of Slip-On Type Buckle Arrestors Experimental Results Empirical expression for slip-on arrestor efficiency Numerical Modeling of Slip-On Buckle Arrestor Performance Finite element model Numerical results Dynamic Performance of Slip-On Buckle Arrestors Recommended Design Procedure for Slip-On Buckle Arrestors Example of a slip-on buckle arrestor design Clamped Buckle Arrestors Design guidelines for clamped buckle arrestors References Chapter-10---Internal-Ring-Arrestors-for-Pi_2021_Mechanics-of-Offshore-Pipel Internal Ring Arrestors for Pipe-In-Pipe Pipelines Contents Introduction Experimental Determination of Internal Ring Arrestor Crossover Pressure IRA-I Experiments Multi-ring arrestors Empirical arresting efficiency for IRA-I IRA-II Experiments Numerical Models of Internal Ring Arrestor Performance Finite element models Simulation of IRA-II experiments Experiment II-1b Experiment II-2b Parametric Study of IRA-II Arrestor Efficiency Variation of arrestor parameters Empirical arresting efficiency for IRA-II Dynamic Performance of IRA-I Recommended Design Procedure for Internal Ring Buckle Arrestors References Chapter-11---A-Model-for-Quasi-Static-and-Dy_2021_Mechanics-of-Offshore-Pipe A Model for Quasi-Static and Dynamic Buckle Propagation Contents Beam on a Nonlinear Foundation Under Uniform Pressure Quasi-Static Buckle Propagation Dynamic Propagation Under Constant Pressure Steady-state buckle propagation The transient problem Concluding Remarks Acknowledgment References Appendix-A---Propagation-of-a-Bulge-in-a_2021_Mechanics-of-Offshore-Pipeline Propagation of A Bulge In An Elastic Tube Formulation Uniform Inflation Localization and Propagation of a Bulge Summary Acknowledgment References Appendix-B---Measured-Engineering-Stress-Strain-R_2021_Mechanics-of-Offshore Measured Engineering Stress-Strain Responses Of Seamless Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Appendix-C---Empirical-relationship-for-buck_2021_Mechanics-of-Offshore-Pipe Empirical Relationship For Buckle Arrestor Efficiency References Appendix-D---Outline-of-Dynamic-Finite-Eleme_2021_Mechanics-of-Offshore-Pipe Outline Of Dynamic Finite Element Formulation (Abaqus) References Appendix-E---Powerlaw-Overstress-Viscop_2021_Mechanics-of-Offshore-Pipelines Powerlaw Overstress Viscoplastic Model References Appendix-F---Glossary-and-Nomencla_2021_Mechanics-of-Offshore-Pipelines--Vol Glossary and Nomenclature References Index_2021_Mechanics-of-Offshore-Pipelines--Volume-2 Index A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Mechanics Of Offshore Pipelines: Volume 2: Buckle Propagation And Arrest Explains Various Aspects Of Buckle Propagation, Including Inspection, The Installation Of Key Equipment, And Maintenance And Mitigation. In Addition, Chapters Cover Design Recommendations For Buckle Propagation Avoidance, Manufacturer Guides To Prevent Buckling, A Review Of The Application Of Arrestors To Apply For Pipe Buckling Propagation, And An Explanation On How To Extend The Service Life Of The Pipes That Are Most Vulnerable To Buckling. Rounding Out With Case Studies And Supportive Experimental Data, This Book Explains All The Detailed Elements And Practical Solutions For Today's Offshore Pipeline Projects. Helps Readers Understand The Severity Of Pipeline Buckling, Along With Its Factors And Causes Teaches How To Assess Propagation Pressures And Collapse Pressure For Risk Of Pipe Failure Through Practical Examples And Case Studies Includes Current Standard Approaches On How To Identify Pipe Failures Due To Buckling Propagation And How To Adopt The Most Optimized Arrestor Type