Measurements of Neutrino Mass: Volume 170 International School of Physics 'Enrico Fermi' (Proceedings of the International School of Physics 'enrico Fermi' Course)

This volume offers a valuable insight into various aspects of the ongoing work directed at measuring neutrino mass. It took twenty years to refute the assertions of Bethe and Peierls that neutrinos were not observable, but it has since been realized that much can be learnt from these particles. The moral is, as Fiorini argues here, that the study of neutrinos was and remains demanding but rewarding. Subjects addressed in this volume include clarifying the meaning of the Klapdor-Kleingrothaus results, probing the Majorana nature of neutrinos, observing lepton number violating effects for the first time, studying the end point of the spectrum in the search for neutrino masses and speculating whether it is possible to measure neutrino masses in cosmology. Lectures are enriched with rich historical overviews and valuable introductory material. Attention is also given to theoretical topics such as the evolution of the concept of mass in particle physics, a status report on neutrino oscillations and current discussion on neutrino masses. The reader is further reminded that neutrino masses may also have some bearing on the very origin of the matter among us, and have many deep links with other important lines of current physics research. IOS Press is an international science, technical and medical publisher of high-quality books for academics, scientists, and professionals in all fields. Some of the areas we publish in: -Biomedicine -Oncology -Artificial intelligence -Databases and information systems -Maritime engineering -Nanotechnology -Geoengineering -All aspects of physics -E-governance -E-commerce -The knowledge economy -Urban studies -Arms control -Understanding and responding to terrorism -Medical informatics -Computer Sciences Title page......Page 2 Indice......Page 7 Preface......Page 17 Gruppo fotografico dei partecipanti al Corso......Page 22 Introduction......Page 25 Parity violation in weak interactions......Page 26 Neutrino oscillations and the problem of the neutrino mass......Page 29 Measurements on the Cosmic Ray Background......Page 31 Double-beta decay......Page 32 Experimental approach......Page 34 Present results and future experiments......Page 36 Conclusions......Page 41 Detecting neutrinos......Page 45 Massive neutrinos beyond the SM......Page 46 Pure Majorana neutrinos......Page 49 Pure Dirac neutrinos......Page 51 Oscillations in vacuum......Page 53 Vacuum oscillations of 3 neutrinos......Page 57 Atmospheric oscillations......Page 58 Solar oscillations: KamLAND......Page 59 The MSW effect......Page 60 Matter oscillations of Majorana or Dirac neutrinos......Page 61 Oscillations in constant matter......Page 62 Oscillations in a varying density......Page 64 Solar neutrinos......Page 66 Known unknowns......Page 67 beta-decay......Page 68 Neutrino-less double-beta decay......Page 70 Cosmology......Page 71 Introduction to beta beta decay......Page 73 Mechanism of the 0nu beta beta decay......Page 82 RPV SUSY......Page 86 LRSM......Page 88 Overview of the experimental status of the search for beta beta decay......Page 89 Basic nuclear physics of beta beta decay......Page 93 2nu decay......Page 95 0nu rate......Page 98 Exact expressions for the transition operator......Page 101 Nuclear shell model......Page 102 QRPA basics......Page 106 Generalization - RQRPA......Page 109 Numerical calculations in QRPA and RQRPA......Page 110 Competition between ``pairing'' and ``broken pairs''......Page 114 Dependence on the radial distance......Page 116 Calculated M'0nu values......Page 119 Appendix A Neutrino magnetic moment and the distinction between Dirac and Majorana neutrinos......Page 121 Basic concepts: energy, momentum, mass......Page 129 Wrong and confused concepts of energy, momentum and mass......Page 132 Energy, momentum and mass of the electromagnetic field......Page 134 Waves, dispersion relation......Page 139 The masses of the flavoured neutral mesons......Page 144 Neutrinos......Page 146 The mass of strongly decaying hadrons......Page 150 The quark masses......Page 154 The mass of the hadrons......Page 159 Conclusions......Page 162 Neutrino mass and Double Beta Decay......Page 165 Neutrino flavour oscillations and neutrino mass......Page 166 The neutrino mass scale: a threefold concept......Page 167 Experimental challenge and strategies......Page 169 Experimental approaches and methods......Page 170 The experimental sensitivity......Page 172 The Heidelberg-Moscow experiment......Page 173 The NEMO3 experiment......Page 174 The CUORICINO experiment......Page 175 Selection of the candidates and of the technologies......Page 176 Classification and overview of the experiments......Page 178 Quasi degenerate neutrino mass pattern......Page 184 Directed Hierarchy neutrino mass pattern......Page 185 Introduction......Page 187 ISM vs QRPA nuclear matrix elements......Page 188 The influence of deformation in the NME's......Page 190 0nu (unphysical) mirror decays: a case study......Page 192 Summary......Page 195 Charge-exchange reactions......Page 199 The case of 48Ca and 64Zn......Page 201 The case of 76Ge......Page 203 The case of 100Mo......Page 206 Conclusion......Page 207 Introduction......Page 211 Relic neutrino production and decoupling......Page 212 Background evolution......Page 215 Neutrinos and primordial nucleosynthesis......Page 217 Extra radiation and the effective number of neutrinos......Page 218 Neutrino oscillations in the Early Universe......Page 219 Active-active neutrino oscillations: relic neutrino asymmetries......Page 220 Active-sterile neutrino oscillations......Page 221 Massive neutrinos as Dark Matter......Page 222 Brief description of cosmological observables......Page 225 Neutrino free streaming......Page 226 Impact of massive neutrinos on the matter power spectrum......Page 228 Impact of massive neutrinos on the CMB anisotropy spectrum......Page 230 CMB anisotropies......Page 231 Galaxy redshift surveys......Page 232 Lyman-alpha forest pag......Page 233 Summary and discussion of current bounds......Page 234 Future sensitivities on neutrino masses from cosmology......Page 235 Conclusions......Page 236 Introduction......Page 239 Neutrino mass from the tritium beta decay spectrum......Page 242 Previous tritium neutrino mass experiments......Page 249 MAC-E-Filter......Page 251 The Mainz neutrino mass experiment......Page 254 The Troitsk neutrino mass experiment......Page 255 The Karlsruhe tritium neutrino experiment KATRIN......Page 256 Conclusion......Page 265 Modern cosmology and the CMB......Page 269 CMB observables......Page 273 CMB observation techniques......Page 274 CMB observation sites......Page 275 Detectors......Page 277 Optics......Page 279 CMB anisotropy: current status and open issues......Page 282 Testing inflation......Page 283 CMB polarization measurements......Page 284 Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect......Page 286 Wavelength spectrum of CMB anisotropy......Page 288 Conclusions......Page 289 Foreword......Page 293 Introduction......Page 294 Standard Model review......Page 295 Right-handed neutrinos: type-I see-saw......Page 297 Y = 2, SU(2)L triplet Higgs: type-II see-saw......Page 298 Y = 0, SU(2)L triplet fermion: type-III see-saw......Page 299 Parity as L-R symmetry......Page 301 Left-Right symmetry and massive neutrinos......Page 303 Charge conjugation as L-R symmetry......Page 305 Fermions......Page 306 Interactions......Page 307 Symmetry breaking......Page 308 Yukawa couplings and fermion mass relations......Page 310 Generations and their mixings......Page 311 Ordinary SU(5)......Page 313 Supersymmetric SU(5)......Page 314 SU(5) and neutrino mass......Page 316 SO(10): family unified......Page 319 Yukawa sector......Page 321 An instructive failure......Page 322 Non-supersymmetric SO(10)......Page 323 Supersymmetric case......Page 326 Majorana neutrinos: lepton number violation and the origin of neutrino mass......Page 330 Neutrinoless double-beta decay......Page 331 Lepton number violation at colliders......Page 332 Summary and outlook......Page 335 Appendix A. Dirac and Majorana masses......Page 336 Appendix B. Majorana spinors: Feynman rules......Page 337 Appendix C. SU(N) group theory......Page 338 Appendix D. SO(2N) group theory......Page 339 SO(2N): spinors......Page 340 The ket notation for spinors......Page 341 Dual representation......Page 342 SO(4)......Page 343 SO(6)......Page 344 Yukawa couplings in SO(6)......Page 345 Introduction......Page 347 Towards the calorimetric single-event detection......Page 349 The calorimetric measurement of neutrino mass......Page 353 The case of a Re metal detector for studying 187Re decay......Page 355 First detector prototypes and pilot experiments......Page 358 Towards a sub-eV m nu calorimetric experiment......Page 361 Conclusion......Page 363 Introduction......Page 365 The Sakharov criteria......Page 367 B-violation in Grand Unified Theories......Page 368 B-violation in the electroweak theory......Page 369 Expansion rate, number density, and entropy......Page 371 Local thermal equilibrium and chemical equilibrium......Page 375 The standard out-of-equilibrium decay scenario......Page 377 The conditions for the out-of-equilibrium decay scenario......Page 378 The production of the baryon asymmetry......Page 380 An explicit example......Page 384 Baryon number violation within the SM and out-of-equilibrium baryo-genesis......Page 386 Baryogenesis via leptogenesis: one-flavour approximation......Page 387 Weak wash-out regime......Page 391 Implications of one-flavour leptogenesis......Page 393 Comments on baryogenesis via leptogenesis when flavours are accounted for......Page 395 Conclusions......Page 398 Introduction......Page 401 Three observables......Page 403 Astrophysics and neutrino mass......Page 405 Three conclusions......Page 406 Heidelberg-Moscow result......Page 407 Nature of neutrino mass......Page 408 Three lines in the bottom-up approach......Page 411 Koide relations......Page 413 Main line......Page 414 Quasi-degenerate spectrum......Page 415 Applications......Page 416 In conclusion of concluding remarks......Page 417 Posters......Page 419 Introduction......Page 421 Bugey and Chooz reactor experiments......Page 422 Conclusions......Page 423 The cross-section problem......Page 425 The QE nu mu CC cross-section measurement......Page 426 Conclusions......Page 427 Search for beta beta decay with DAMA/LXe set-up......Page 429 Search for beta beta decay with DAMA/R&D set-up......Page 430 The OPERA experiment......Page 433 Emulsion cloud chambers......Page 434 Development facility......Page 435 The OPERA experiment......Page 437 The detector......Page 438 First physics run......Page 439 Conclusions......Page 440 Introduction......Page 441 Automatic scanning system......Page 442 Scanning performances......Page 443 Conclusions......Page 444 GERmanium Detector Array at LNGS......Page 445 GERDA phases and discovery potentialpag......Page 446 GERDA phase-I prototype detectors......Page 447 Conclusions......Page 448 Introduction......Page 449 MARE......Page 450 Enviromental background......Page 451 Introduction - 0nu dbd......Page 453 Coincidences and pulse shape analysis......Page 454 Surface contaminations and recontaminations......Page 455 Introduction......Page 457 Experimental results......Page 458 The LVD experiment......Page 461 Events simulation......Page 463 Conclusions......Page 464 Minimal renormalizable supersymmetric SO(10)......Page 465 MSSM vs split supersymmetry......Page 467 Introduction......Page 469 Pion decay......Page 470 Physics of Borexino......Page 473 Borexino detector......Page 474 Background components......Page 475 Data analysis and results......Page 476 Future perspectives......Page 477 Elenco dei partecipanti......Page 479 "This volume offers a valuable insight into various aspects of the ongoing work directed at measuring neutrino mass. It took twenty years to refute the assertions of Bethe and Peierls that neutrinos were not observable, but it has since been realised that much can be learnt from these particles. The moral is, as Fiorini argues here, that the study of neutrinos was and remains demanding but rewarding. Subjects addressed in this volume include: clarifying the meaning of the Klapdor-Kleingrothaus results, probing the Majorana nature of neutrinos, observing lepton number violating effects for the first time, studying the end point of the spectrum in the search for neutrino masses and speculating whether it is possible to measure neutrino masses in cosmology. Lectures are enriched with rich historical overviews and valuable introductory material. Attention is also given to theoretical topics such as the evolution of the concept of mass in particle physics, a status report on neutrino oscillations and current discussion on neutrino masses. The reader is further reminded that neutrino masses may also have some bearing on the very origin of the matter among us, and have many deep links with other important lines of current physics research." --Book Jacket Edited By F. Ferroni And F. Vissani, Directors Of The Course, And C. Brofferio = Misure Della Massa Del Neutrino : Rendiconti Della Scuola Internazionale Di Fisica Enrico Fermi, Varenna Sul Lago Di Como, Villa Monastero, 17-27 June 2008 / A Cura Di F. Ferroni E F. Vissani, Diretori Del Corso, E Di C. Brofferio. Includes Bibliographical References.