McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology 10 ed. in 20 vol. V. 16 S-Son

McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology 10 ed. in 20 vol. V. 16 S-Son 2007 [pdf 800sc 799c. 24.75mb]A tradition of excellence continues with the long-awaited Tenth Edition of McGraw-Hill's Encyclopedia of Science & TechnologyThe definitive source for keeping up with the amazing changes in science and technology - complete with more than 1,700 new and updated articles Free supplemental website available to all users! www.mhest.com Featuring entries written by international leaders in science and technology selected by McGraw-Hill's distinguished board of consulting editors, no other reference so thoroughly and dynamically chronicles the expanding frontier, facts, and trends so vital to students, professionals, and general readers. For more than four decades, McGraw-Hill's Encyclopedia of Science & Technology has provided readers with the information they need in an understandable, authoritative way that invites critical inquiry and captures the imagination. There is truly nothing else like it and no library can be called complete without it.Readers will find 7,000+ articles covering nearly 100 fields of science in this amazing 20 volume set. The new Tenth Edition features more than 1,700 new and updated articles, 12,000+ illustrations, and more than 5000 contributors - including 25 Nobel Prize winners. Also new to the Tenth Edition is a companion website that will provide selected updates to the Encyclopedia along with additional material such as special graphics and illustrations.The logical organization of the 20 volumes, a 500 page analytical index, an extensive topic index, along with Study Guides, make finding information fast and easy.Cutting-edge topics covered include: Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Cloning, Food Allergy, Genomics, Stem Cells, Cellular Automata, Computational Intelligence, Computer-Aided Circuit Design, Voice-Over IP, Water Supply Engineering, Fossil Humans, Fossil Primates, and many, many more. (20071015) Cover Page......Page 1 Sable......Page 2 Sacoglossa......Page 3 Safety glass......Page 4 Safflower......Page 5 Sage......Page 6 Sahel......Page 7 Salenioida......Page 10 Saline evaporites......Page 11 Salmonelloses......Page 15 Salmoniformes......Page 16 Salt (chemistry)......Page 17 Salt (food)......Page 18 Salt dome......Page 19 Salt-effect distillation......Page 21 Salt marsh......Page 22 Sampled-data control system......Page 24 Sand......Page 26 Sand dollar......Page 27 Sandstone......Page 28 Sapphire......Page 30 Sarcodina......Page 31 Sarcomastigophora......Page 33 Sarcosporida......Page 35 Sarsaparilla......Page 36 Satellite (astronomy)......Page 37 Satellite (spacecraft)......Page 38 Satellite meteorology......Page 42 Satellite navigation systems......Page 49 Satellite radio......Page 55 Satellite television broadcasting......Page 58 Saturable reactor......Page 60 Saturn......Page 61 Saurischia......Page 67 Savanna......Page 69 Scale (music)......Page 72 Scale (zoology)......Page 73 Scandium......Page 75 Scanning electron microscope......Page 76 Scanning tunneling microscope......Page 78 Scaphopoda......Page 80 Scattering experiments (atoms and molecules)......Page 82 Scattering experiments (nuclei)......Page 87 Scattering layer......Page 94 Scattering matrix......Page 96 Scattering of electromagnetic radiation......Page 98 Scheduling......Page 100 Schematic drawing......Page 102 Schistosomiasis......Page 104 Schizomida......Page 106 Schizophrenia......Page 107 Schlieren photography......Page 110 Schmidt camera......Page 111 Schottky anomaly......Page 114 Schottky effect......Page 115 Schr ̈odinger’s wave equation......Page 116 Schuler pendulum......Page 118 Sciatica......Page 119 Scientific and applications satellites......Page 120 Scientific methods......Page 123 Scintillation counter......Page 124 Scleractinia......Page 127 Sclerenchyma......Page 130 Sclerosponge......Page 131 Scorpaeniformes......Page 134 Scorpiones......Page 136 Scramjet......Page 138 Scrapie......Page 141 Screening......Page 143 Screening smoke......Page 144 Screw fastener......Page 146 Screw threads......Page 147 Scyphozoa......Page 153 Sea anemone......Page 156 Sea breeze......Page 157 Sea-floor imaging......Page 158 Sea ice......Page 160 Sea of Okhotsk......Page 163 Sea squirt......Page 164 Seaborgium......Page 165 Seaplane......Page 166 Seasons......Page 168 Seawater......Page 169 Seawater fertility......Page 180 Second sound......Page 185 Secondary emission......Page 186 Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)......Page 189 Secretion......Page 192 Secretory structures (plant)......Page 194 Sedative......Page 196 Sedentaria......Page 197 Sedimentary rocks......Page 201 Sedimentation (industry)......Page 207 Sedimentology......Page 208 Seed......Page 214 Seiche......Page 221 Seismic exploration for oil and gas......Page 224 Seismic risk......Page 228 Seismic stratigraphy......Page 230 Seismographic instrumentation......Page 234 Seismology......Page 237 Seizure disorders......Page 252 Selachii......Page 255 Selaginellales......Page 257 Selection rules (physics)......Page 258 Selenium......Page 261 Semaeostomeae......Page 262 Semiconductor......Page 263 Semiconductor diode......Page 270 Semiconductor heterostructures......Page 272 Semiconductor memories......Page 276 Semiconductor rectifier......Page 286 Sendai virus......Page 292 Sensation......Page 293 Sense amplifier......Page 295 Sense organ......Page 296 Sensitivity (engineering)......Page 297 Sensory cell regeneration......Page 298 Sepioidea......Page 301 Septibranchia......Page 302 Septic tank......Page 303 Sequence stratigraphy......Page 304 Series......Page 308 Serology......Page 315 Serotonin......Page 316 Serpentine......Page 318 Serpentinite......Page 319 Serum......Page 320 Servomechanism......Page 321 Set theory......Page 329 Sewage......Page 330 Sewage collection systems......Page 337 Sewage solids......Page 348 Sewage treatment......Page 351 Sewing machine......Page 358 Sex determination......Page 359 Sex-linked inheritance......Page 364 Sextant......Page 366 Sexual dimorphism......Page 367 Sexually transmitted diseases......Page 370 Sferics......Page 379 Shadow......Page 381 Shadowgraph......Page 382 Shafting......Page 383 Shale......Page 384 Shape memory alloys......Page 387 Shear......Page 388 Shear center......Page 389 Sheep......Page 390 Sheet-metal forming......Page 395 Shellac......Page 398 Ship design......Page 399 Ship nuclear propulsion......Page 409 Ship powering, maneuvering, and seakeeping......Page 411 Ship routing......Page 418 Ship salvage......Page 420 Shipbuilding......Page 423 Shipping fever......Page 427 Shipworm......Page 428 Shock absorber......Page 429 Shock isolation......Page 430 Shock syndrome......Page 432 Shock tube......Page 434 Shock wave......Page 437 Short takeoff and landing (STOL)......Page 447 Shrew......Page 449 Shunting......Page 450 Sickle cell disease......Page 451 Sideband......Page 452 Sidereal time......Page 453 Siderite......Page 454 Siderophores......Page 455 Sigma-delta converter......Page 458 Signal detection theory......Page 460 Signal processing......Page 462 Signal-to-noise ratio......Page 469 Signal transduction......Page 470 Silica minerals......Page 473 Silicate minerals......Page 476 Silicate phase equilibria......Page 477 Silicate systems......Page 482 Siliceous sediment......Page 488 Silicoflagellida......Page 489 Silicone resins......Page 490 Silk......Page 493 Sillimanite......Page 494 Silurian......Page 495 Siluriformes......Page 499 Silver......Page 501 Silver alloys......Page 502 Silver metallurgy......Page 503 Silviculture......Page 504 Simple machine......Page 511 Simulation......Page 512 Sine wave......Page 515 Single crystal......Page 516 Single sideband......Page 517 Single-site catalysts (polymer science)......Page 518 Sintering......Page 521 Siphonaptera......Page 523 Siphonostomatoida......Page 525 Sipuncula......Page 526 Sirenia......Page 528 Sirius......Page 529 Sisal......Page 530 Skarn......Page 531 Skeletal system......Page 532 Skin......Page 543 Skin disorders......Page 547 Skin effect (electricity)......Page 549 Skink......Page 550 Skunk......Page 551 Slate......Page 552 Sleep and dreaming......Page 553 Sleep disorders......Page 560 Slider-crank mechanism......Page 561 Slip rings......Page 563 Sloan Digital Sky Survey......Page 564 Sloth......Page 567 Slow neutron spectroscopy......Page 568 Smallpox......Page 570 Smart card......Page 571 Smith chart......Page 574 Smog......Page 577 Snail......Page 580 Snap ring......Page 581 Snow......Page 582 Snow surveying......Page 585 Snowfield and n ́ev ́e......Page 586 Soap......Page 587 Social hierarchy......Page 588 Social insects......Page 589 Social mammals......Page 593 Sociobiology......Page 598 Sodium......Page 601 Sodium-vapor lamp......Page 603 Sofar......Page 604 Software......Page 605 Software engineering......Page 609 Software metric......Page 615 Software testing and inspection......Page 616 Soil......Page 618 Soil chemistry......Page 651 Soil conservation......Page 666 Soil degradation......Page 672 Soil ecology......Page 675 Soil fertility......Page 679 Soil mechanics......Page 682 Soil microbiology......Page 691 Soil sterilization......Page 692 Sol-gel process......Page 694 Solar cell......Page 697 Solar constant......Page 699 Solar energy......Page 701 Solar heating and cooling......Page 717 Solar magnetic field......Page 723 Solar neutrinos......Page 725 Solar radiation......Page 727 Solar system......Page 728 Solar wind......Page 732 Soldering......Page 736 Solenodon......Page 738 Solenoid (electricity)......Page 739 Solid (geometry)......Page 740 Solid solution......Page 743 Solid-state battery......Page 745 Solid-state chemistry......Page 746 Solid-state physics......Page 755 Solifugae......Page 757 Soliton......Page 758 Solstice......Page 761 Solubilizing of samples......Page 762 Solution......Page 763 Solution mining......Page 767 Solvation......Page 771 Solvent......Page 772 Solvent extraction......Page 776 Somatic cell genetics......Page 780 Somatostatin......Page 783 Somesthesis......Page 784 Sonar......Page 786 Sonobuoy......Page 793 Sonochemistry......Page 794 Sonoluminescence......Page 797 Cover Page 1 S Sable— Sonoluminescence 2 Sable 2 Saccharin 3 Saccopharyngiformes 3 Sacoglossa 3 Safe 4 Safety glass 4 Safety valve 5 Safflower 5 Saffron 6 Sage 6 Sagittarius 7 Sahel 7 Saint Elmo’s fire 10 Salenioida 10 Salicales 11 Salicylate 11 Saline evaporites 11 Salmonelloses 15 Salmoniformes 16 Salt (chemistry) 17 Salt (food) 18 Salt dome 19 Salt-effect distillation 21 Salt gland 22 Salt marsh 22 Salviniales 24 Samarium 24 Sampled-data control system 24 Sand 26 Sand dollar 27 Sandalwood 28 Sandstone 28 Santalales 30 Sapindales 30 Sapphire 30 Sapropel 31 Sarcodina 31 Sarcomastigophora 33 Sarcopterygii 35 Sarcosporida 35 Sarsaparilla 36 Sassafras 37 Satellite (astronomy) 37 Satellite (spacecraft) 38 Satellite meteorology 42 Satellite navigation systems 49 Satellite radio 55 Satellite television broadcasting 58 Saturable reactor 60 Saturation 61 Saturation current 61 Saturn 61 Saurischia 67 Sauropterygia 69 Savanna 69 Savory 72 Saxifragales 72 Scalar 72 Scale (music) 72 Scale (zoology) 73 Scandium 75 Scanning electron microscope 76 Scanning tunneling microscope 78 Scaphopoda 80 Scarlet fever 82 Scattering experiments (atoms and molecules) 82 Scattering experiments (nuclei) 87 Scattering layer 94 Scattering matrix 96 Scattering of electromagnetic radiation 98 Scent gland 100 Scheduling 100 Scheelite 102 Schematic drawing 102 Schist 104 Schistosomiasis 104 Schistostegales 106 Schizomida 106 Schizophrenia 107 Schlieren photography 110 Schmidt camera 111 Schottky anomaly 114 Schottky barrier diode 115 Schottky effect 115 Schr ̈odinger’s wave equation 116 Schuler pendulum 118 Sciatica 119 Science 120 Scientific and applications satellites 120 Scientific methods 123 Scintillation counter 124 Scleractinia 127 Sclerenchyma 130 Sclerosponge 131 Scorpaeniformes 134 Scorpiones 136 Scorpius 138 Scramjet 138 Scrapie 141 Screening 143 Screening smoke 144 Screw 146 Screw fastener 146 Screw jack 147 Screw threads 147 Scrophulariales 153 Scyphozoa 153 Sea anemone 156 Sea breeze 157 Sea-floor imaging 158 Sea ice 160 Sea of Okhotsk 163 Sea squirt 164 Sea urchin 165 Seaborgium 165 Seamount and guyot 166 Seaplane 166 Seasons 168 Seawater 169 Seawater fertility 180 Sebaceous gland 185 Second sound 185 Secondary emission 186 Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) 189 Secretion 192 Secretory structures (plant) 194 Sedative 196 Sedentaria 197 Sedimentary rocks 201 Sedimentation (industry) 207 Sedimentology 208 Seebeck effect 214 Seed 214 Seiche 221 Seismic exploration for oil and gas 224 Seismic risk 228 Seismic stratigraphy 230 Seismographic instrumentation 234 Seismology 237 Seisonacea 252 Seizure disorders 252 Selachii 255 Selaginellales 257 Selection rules (physics) 258 Selectivity 261 Selenium 261 Seligeriales 262 Semaeostomeae 262 Semiconductor 263 Semiconductor diode 270 Semiconductor heterostructures 272 Semiconductor memories 276 Semiconductor rectifier 286 Semionotiformes 292 Sendai virus 292 Sensation 293 Sense amplifier 295 Sense organ 296 Sensitivity (engineering) 297 Sensory cell regeneration 298 Sepioidea 301 Sepiolite 302 Septibranchia 302 Septic tank 303 Sequence stratigraphy 304 Sequoia 308 Series 308 Series circuit 315 Serology 315 Serotonin 316 Serpentine 318 Serpentinite 319 Serum 320 Servomechanism 321 Set theory 329 Sewage 330 Sewage collection systems 337 Sewage solids 348 Sewage treatment 351 Sewing machine 358 Sex determination 359 Sex-linked inheritance 364 Sextant 366 Sexual dimorphism 367 Sexually transmitted diseases 370 Sferics 379 Shadow 381 Shadowgraph 382 Shaft balancing 383 Shafting 383 Shale 384 Shape memory alloys 387 Shear 388 Shear center 389 Sheep 390 Sheet-metal forming 395 Shellac 398 Ship design 399 Ship nuclear propulsion 409 Ship powering, maneuvering, and seakeeping 411 Ship routing 418 Ship salvage 420 Shipbuilding 423 Shipping fever 427 Shipworm 428 Shock absorber 429 Shock isolation 430 Shock syndrome 432 Shock tube 434 Shock wave 437 Short circuit 447 Short takeoff and landing (STOL) 447 Shrew 449 Shrink fit 450 Shunting 450 Sickle cell disease 451 Sideband 452 Sidereal time 453 Siderite 454 Siderophores 455 Sigma-delta converter 458 Signal detection theory 460 Signal generator 462 Signal processing 462 Signal-to-noise ratio 469 Signal transduction 470 Significant figures 473 Silica minerals 473 Silicate minerals 476 Silicate phase equilibria 477 Silicate systems 482 Siliceous sediment 488 Siliceous sinter 489 Silicoflagellata 489 Silicoflagellida 489 Silicon 490 Silicone resins 490 Silk 493 Sillimanite 494 Silurian 495 Siluriformes 499 Silver 501 Silver alloys 502 Silver metallurgy 503 Silviculture 504 Simple machine 511 Simulation 512 Sine wave 515 Single crystal 516 Single sideband 517 Single-site catalysts (polymer science) 518 Sintering 521 Sinus 523 Siphonaptera 523 Siphonophora 525 Siphonostomatoida 525 Sipuncula 526 Siren (acoustics) 528 Sirenia 528 Sirius 529 Sirocco 530 Sisal 530 Skarn 531 Skeletal system 532 Skin 543 Skin disorders 547 Skin effect (electricity) 549 Skink 550 Skunk 551 Slate 552 Sleep and dreaming 553 Sleep disorders 560 Slider-crank mechanism 561 Slip (electricity) 563 Slip rings 563 Sloan Digital Sky Survey 564 Slope 567 Sloth 567 Slow neutron spectroscopy 568 Slug (zoology) 570 Smallpox 570 Smart card 571 Smith chart 574 Smithsonite 577 Smog 577 Smoke 580 Snail 580 Snap ring 581 Snow 582 Snow line 585 Snow surveying 585 Snowfield and n ́ev ́e 586 Soap 587 Soapstone 588 Social hierarchy 588 Social insects 589 Social mammals 593 Sociobiology 598 Soda niter 601 Sodalite 601 Sodium 601 Sodium-vapor lamp 603 Sofar 604 Software 605 Software engineering 609 Software metric 615 Software testing and inspection 616 Soil 618 Soil chemistry 651 Soil conservation 666 Soil degradation 672 Soil ecology 675 Soil fertility 679 Soil mechanics 682 Soil microbiology 691 Soil sterilization 692 Sol-gel process 694 Solanales 697 Solar cell 697 Solar constant 699 Solar corona 701 Solar energy 701 Solar heating and cooling 717 Solar magnetic field 723 Solar neutrinos 725 Solar radiation 727 Solar system 728 Solar wind 732 Soldering 736 Solenodon 738 Solenoid (electricity) 739 Solenoid (meteorology) 740 Solenopora 740 Solid (geometry) 740 Solid solution 743 Solid-state battery 745 Solid-state chemistry 746 Solid-state physics 755 Solids pump 757 Solifugae 757 Soliton 758 Solstice 761 Solubility product constant 762 Solubilizing of samples 762 Solution 763 Solution mining 767 Solvation 771 Solvent 772 Solvent extraction 776 Somatic cell genetics 780 Somatostatin 783 Somesthesis 784 Sonar 786 Sonobuoy 793 Sonochemistry 794 Sonoluminescence 797 A tradition of excellence continues with the long-awaited Tenth Edition of McGraw-Hill's Encyclopedia of Science & Technology The definitive source for keeping up with the amazing changes in science and technology - complete with more than 1,700 new and updated articles Free supplemental website available to all users! www.mhest.com Featuring entries written by international leaders in science and technology selected by McGraw-Hill's distinguished board of consulting editors, no other reference so thoroughly and dynamically chronicles the expanding frontier, facts, and trends so vital to students, professionals, and general readers. For more than four decades, McGraw-Hill's Encyclopedia of Science & Technology has provided readers with the information they need in an understandable, authoritative way that invites critical inquiry and captures the imagination. There is truly nothing else like it and no library can be called complete without it. Readers will find 7,000+ articles covering nearly 100 fields of science in this amazing 20 volume set. The new Tenth Edition features more than 1,700 new and updated articles, 12,000+ illustrations, and more than 5000 contributors - including 25 Nobel Prize winners. Also new to the Tenth Edition is a companion website that will provide selected updates to the Encyclopedia along with additional material such as special graphics and illustrations. The logical organization of the 20 volumes, a 500 page analytical index, an extensive topic index, along with Study Guides, make finding information fast and easy. Cutting-edge topics covered include: Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Cloning, Food Allergy, Genomics, Stem Cells, Cellular Automata, Computational Intelligence, Computer-Aided Circuit Design, Voice-Over IP, Water Supply Engineering, Fossil Humans, Fossil Primates, and many, many more. (20071015) A tradition of excellence continues with the long-awaited Tenth Edition of McGraw-Hill's Encyclopedia of Science & Technology The definitive source for keeping up with the amazing changes in science and technology - complete with more than 1,700 new and updated articles Free supplemental website available to all users! (http://www.mhest.com) www.mhest.com Featuring entries written by international leaders in science and technology selected by McGraw-Hill's distinguished board of consulting editors, no other reference so thoroughly and dynamically chronicles the expanding frontier, facts, and trends so vital to students, professionals, and general readers. For more than four decades, McGraw-Hill's Encyclopedia of Science & Technology has provided readers with the information they need in an understandable, authoritative way that invites critical inquiry and captures the imagination. There is truly nothing else like it and no library can be called complete without it. Readers will find 7,000+ articles covering nearly 100 fields of science in this amazing 20 volume set. The new Tenth Edition features more than 1,700 new and updated articles, 12,000+ illustrations, and more than 5000 contributors - including 25 Nobel Prize winners. Also new to the Tenth Edition is a companion website that will provide selected updates to the Encyclopedia along with additional material such as special graphics and illustrations. The logical organization of the 20 volumes, a 500 page analytical index, an extensive topic index, along with Study Guides, make finding information fast and easy. Cutting-edge topics covered Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Cloning, Food Allergy, Genomics, Stem Cells, Cellular Automata, Computational Intelligence, Computer-Aided Circuit Design, Voice-Over IP, Water Supply Engineering, Fossil Humans, Fossil Primates, and many, many more. The McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology presents pertinent information in every field of modern science and technology. The 7100 articles are arranged alphabetically in the 19 text volumes. The 20th volume contains the indexes and ancillary materials. Broad survey articles are available for each of the disciplines covered; even readers with little prior knowledge of that discipline will find the basic concepts covered in these articles. From the survey article, the reader may proceed to more specialized articles using the cross-referencing system. The pattern of proceeding from the general to the specific has been employed not only in the plan of the Encyclopedia but within the body of the articles. Numerous illustrations, both line drawings and images, contribute to the utility, clarity, and interest of the test. Most of the articles contain bibliographies citing useful sources. - Publisher. Provides understandable and authoritative information on numerous topics in the various fields of science and technology. Features entries written by international leaders in science and technology