McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology 10 ed. in 20 vol. V. 09 I-Lev

McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology 10 ed. in 20 vol. V. 09 I-Lev 2007 [pdf 803sc 802c. 22.13mb]A tradition of excellence continues with the long-awaited Tenth Edition of McGraw-Hill's Encyclopedia of Science & TechnologyThe definitive source for keeping up with the amazing changes in science and technology - complete with more than 1,700 new and updated articles Free supplemental website available to all users! www.mhest.com Featuring entries written by international leaders in science and technology selected by McGraw-Hill's distinguished board of consulting editors, no other reference so thoroughly and dynamically chronicles the expanding frontier, facts, and trends so vital to students, professionals, and general readers. For more than four decades, McGraw-Hill's Encyclopedia of Science & Technology has provided readers with the information they need in an understandable, authoritative way that invites critical inquiry and captures the imagination. There is truly nothing else like it and no library can be called complete without it.Readers will find 7,000+ articles covering nearly 100 fields of science in this amazing 20 volume set. The new Tenth Edition features more than 1,700 new and updated articles, 12,000+ illustrations, and more than 5000 contributors - including 25 Nobel Prize winners. Also new to the Tenth Edition is a companion website that will provide selected updates to the Encyclopedia along with additional material such as special graphics and illustrations.The logical organization of the 20 volumes, a 500 page analytical index, an extensive topic index, along with Study Guides, make finding information fast and easy.Cutting-edge topics covered include: Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Cloning, Food Allergy, Genomics, Stem Cells, Cellular Automata, Computational Intelligence, Computer-Aided Circuit Design, Voice-Over IP, Water Supply Engineering, Fossil Humans, Fossil Primates, and many, many more. (20071015) Cover Page......Page 1 I-spin......Page 2 Ice cream......Page 4 Ice field......Page 6 Ice manufacture......Page 7 Iceberg......Page 8 Icebreaker......Page 11 Ichthyopterygia......Page 13 Ichthyostega......Page 14 Igneous rocks......Page 15 Ignimbrite......Page 21 Ignition system......Page 22 Illite......Page 25 Illumination......Page 26 Image processing......Page 33 Image tube (astronomy)......Page 36 Immittance......Page 37 Immune complex disease......Page 38 Immunity......Page 39 Immunoassay......Page 42 Immunoelectrophoresis......Page 43 Immunofluorescence......Page 44 Immunogenetics......Page 45 Immunoglobulin......Page 48 Immunoglobulin genes......Page 49 Immunologic cytotoxicity......Page 53 Immunological deficiency......Page 54 Immunological ontogeny......Page 59 Immunological phylogeny......Page 60 Immunology......Page 62 Immunonephelometry......Page 63 Immunopathology......Page 64 Immunosuppression......Page 66 Immunotherapy......Page 70 Impedance matching......Page 72 Impulse (mechanics)......Page 73 Impulse turbine......Page 74 Inadunata......Page 76 Inarticulata......Page 77 Incandescence......Page 79 Incandescent lamp......Page 80 Incompressible flow......Page 85 Index fossil......Page 86 Indian Ocean......Page 91 Indole......Page 98 Inductance......Page 99 Inductance measurement......Page 100 Induction coil......Page 103 Induction heating......Page 104 Induction motor......Page 106 Inductive coordination......Page 112 Inductive voltage divider......Page 113 Industrial ecology......Page 114 Industrial engineering......Page 117 Industrial health and safety......Page 119 Industrial meteorology......Page 125 Industrial microbiology......Page 126 Industrial wastewater treatment......Page 129 Inertia......Page 133 Inertia welding......Page 134 Inertial navigation system......Page 136 Infant respiratory distress syndrome......Page 140 Infarction......Page 141 Infectious disease......Page 142 Infectious papillomatosis......Page 145 Infertility......Page 146 Infinity......Page 147 Inflammation......Page 148 Inflammatory bowel disease......Page 149 Inflationary universe cosmology......Page 150 Inflorescence......Page 157 Influenza......Page 159 Information management......Page 161 Information processing (psychology)......Page 163 Information systems engineering......Page 166 Information technology......Page 169 Information theory......Page 171 Information theory (biology)......Page 176 Infrared astronomy......Page 178 Infrared imaging devices......Page 183 Infrared lamp......Page 185 Infrared radiation......Page 187 Infrared radiation (biology)......Page 190 Infrared spectroscopy......Page 191 Infrasound......Page 197 Inhibitor (chemistry)......Page 200 Ink......Page 202 Inkjet printing......Page 208 Inland waterways transportation......Page 210 Inoculation......Page 213 Inorganic and organometallic polymers......Page 214 Inorganic chemistry......Page 219 Inorganic photochemistry......Page 223 Inositol......Page 226 Insect control, biological......Page 227 Insect diseases......Page 228 Insect physiology......Page 233 Insecta......Page 244 Insecticide......Page 253 Insectivora......Page 257 Insolation......Page 258 Instanton......Page 259 Instinctive behavior......Page 260 Instrument landing system (ILS)......Page 261 Instrument science......Page 264 Instrument transformer......Page 266 Instrumental conditioning......Page 269 Instrumentation amplifier......Page 270 Instrumented buoys......Page 271 Insulation resistance testing......Page 275 Insulin......Page 277 Integral equation......Page 281 Integral transform......Page 282 Integrated-circuit filter......Page 284 Integrated circuits......Page 287 Integrated optics......Page 298 Integrated services digital network (ISDN)......Page 301 Integration......Page 303 Integumentary patterns......Page 311 Intelligence......Page 312 Intelligent machine......Page 314 Intercalation compounds......Page 318 Interface of phases......Page 320 Interference filters......Page 321 Interference-free circuitry......Page 327 Interference microscope......Page 330 Interference of waves......Page 332 Interferometry......Page 338 Interhalogen compounds......Page 344 Intermediate-frequency amplifier......Page 346 Intermediate vector boson......Page 348 Intermetallic compounds......Page 350 Intermolecular forces......Page 352 Internal combustion engine......Page 355 Internal energy......Page 361 International Date Line......Page 362 Internet......Page 363 Interplanetary matter......Page 366 Interpolation......Page 368 Interstellar matter......Page 372 Intra-Americas Sea......Page 381 Intron......Page 382 Invasion ecology......Page 384 Inventory control......Page 386 Inverse scattering theory......Page 388 Invertebrate embryology......Page 390 Involute......Page 398 Iodine......Page 399 Ion beam mixing......Page 400 Ion exchange......Page 402 Ion implantation......Page 408 Ion propulsion......Page 410 Ion-selective membranes and electrodes......Page 413 Ion-solid interactions......Page 417 Ion sources......Page 421 Ion transport......Page 428 Ionic crystals......Page 432 Ionic equilibrium......Page 437 Ionic liquids......Page 438 Ionization chamber......Page 441 Ionophore......Page 446 Ionosphere......Page 448 Ipecac......Page 451 Iridium......Page 452 Iron alloys......Page 453 Iron metabolism......Page 457 Iron metallurgy......Page 458 Irrigation (agriculture)......Page 462 Isentropic process......Page 466 Ising model......Page 467 Island biogeography......Page 470 Isobar (meteorology)......Page 471 Isobaric process......Page 473 Isocyanate......Page 474 Isoelectric point......Page 476 Isoetales......Page 478 Isomerization......Page 479 Isopoda......Page 480 Isoprostanes......Page 482 Isoptera......Page 486 Isostasy......Page 489 Isothermal chart......Page 490 Isothermal process......Page 491 Isotope......Page 492 Isotope dilution techniques......Page 495 Isotope separation......Page 496 Isotope shift......Page 499 Isotopic irradiation......Page 501 Ixodides......Page 502 J/psi particle......Page 504 Jadeite......Page 505 Jahn-Teller effect......Page 506 Jaundice......Page 509 Jawless vertebrates......Page 511 Jerboa......Page 512 Jet flow......Page 513 Jet stream......Page 514 Jewel bearing......Page 515 Johne’s disease......Page 516 Joint (anatomy)......Page 517 Joint disorders......Page 519 Jojoba......Page 520 Josephson effect......Page 521 Junction detector......Page 525 Junction diode......Page 531 Junction transistor......Page 534 Jungermanniales......Page 536 Jupiter......Page 537 Jurassic......Page 545 Jute......Page 549 Kalahari Desert......Page 552 Kangaroo......Page 553 Kaolinite......Page 554 Kapitza resistance......Page 556 K ́arm ́an vortex street......Page 557 Karst topography......Page 558 Kelvin bridge......Page 560 Kelvin’s circulation theorem......Page 561 Kenaf......Page 563 Kennel cough......Page 564 Kepler’s equation......Page 565 Kepler’s laws......Page 566 Kerogen......Page 567 Kerr effect......Page 568 Ketene......Page 569 Ketone......Page 571 Key telephone system......Page 572 Kidney......Page 573 Kidney disorders......Page 575 Killing equations......Page 577 Kiln......Page 579 Kimberlite......Page 581 Kinematics......Page 582 Kinetic methods of analysis......Page 583 Kinetic theory of matter......Page 586 Kinetoplastida......Page 590 Kinorhyncha......Page 591 Kirchhoff’s laws of electric circuits......Page 592 Kiwifruit......Page 593 Klebsiella......Page 594 Klystron......Page 595 Knudsen number......Page 599 Kohlrabi......Page 600 Kondo effect......Page 601 K ̈oppen climate classification system......Page 603 Kronig-Penney model......Page 605 Kuiper Belt......Page 606 Kumquat......Page 609 Kuroshio......Page 610 Kutorginata......Page 611 Labyrinthulia......Page 614 Lacrimal gland......Page 615 Lactate......Page 616 Lactation......Page 617 Lactone......Page 618 Laevicaudata......Page 619 Lagomorpha......Page 620 Lagrange’s equations......Page 621 Lake......Page 624 Lamiales......Page 626 Laminariales......Page 627 Lamniformes......Page 630 Lamp......Page 632 Lampriformes......Page 633 Lamprophyre......Page 634 Land drainage (agriculture)......Page 636 Land reclamation......Page 639 Land-use classes......Page 642 Land-use planning......Page 643 Landing gear......Page 646 Landscape architecture......Page 647 Landscape ecology......Page 648 Landslide......Page 650 Langmuir circulation......Page 652 Language theory......Page 654 Lanthanide contraction......Page 656 Laplace transform......Page 657 Laplace’s differential equation......Page 659 Larch......Page 660 Large systems control theory......Page 661 Larmor precession......Page 663 Larynx......Page 664 Laser......Page 665 Laser alloying......Page 671 Laser cooling......Page 673 Laser photobiology......Page 675 Laser photochemistry......Page 676 Laser-solid interactions......Page 681 Laser spectroscopy......Page 684 Laser welding......Page 689 Lateral line system......Page 692 Lateral meristem......Page 694 Latitude and longitude......Page 696 Lattice (mathematics)......Page 697 Lattice vibrations......Page 701 Launch complex......Page 703 Lava......Page 709 Lawn and turf grasses......Page 710 Lawrencium......Page 712 Lawson criterion......Page 713 Layered intrusion......Page 714 Le Chatelier’s principle......Page 717 Leaching......Page 718 Lead......Page 720 Lead alloys......Page 721 Lead isotopes (geochemistry)......Page 722 Lead metallurgy......Page 724 Leaf......Page 728 Lean manufacturing......Page 734 Learning mechanisms......Page 739 Least-squares method......Page 745 Leather and fur processing......Page 746 Lecanorales......Page 750 Lectins......Page 751 Legendre functions......Page 753 Legionnaires’ disease......Page 755 Legume forages......Page 756 Lemon......Page 757 Length......Page 758 Lens (optics)......Page 759 Lentil......Page 762 Leo......Page 763 Lepidodendrales......Page 764 Lepidolite......Page 765 Lepidoptera......Page 766 Lepidosauria......Page 783 Lepospondyli......Page 784 Leptin......Page 785 Lepton......Page 788 Leptospirosis......Page 789 Lespedeza......Page 791 Lethal gene......Page 792 Lettuce......Page 793 Leucite rock......Page 794 Leukemia......Page 795 Level measurement......Page 800 Lever......Page 803 Cover Page 1 I I–spin— Ixodides 2 I-spin 2 Ice cream 4 Ice field 6 Ice manufacture 7 Ice point 8 Iceberg 8 Icebreaker 11 Ichneumon 13 Ichthyopterygia 13 Ichthyornithiformes 14 Ichthyostega 14 Igneous rocks 15 Ignimbrite 21 Ignition system 22 Illiciales 25 Illite 25 Illuminance 26 Illumination 26 Image processing 33 Image tube (astronomy) 36 Immittance 37 Immune complex disease 38 Immunity 39 Immunoassay 42 Immunochemistry 43 Immunoelectrophoresis 43 Immunofluorescence 44 Immunogenetics 45 Immunoglobulin 48 Immunoglobulin genes 49 Immunologic cytotoxicity 53 Immunological deficiency 54 Immunological ontogeny 59 Immunological phylogeny 60 Immunology 62 Immunonephelometry 63 Immunopathology 64 Immunosuppression 66 Immunotherapy 70 Impact 72 Impedance matching 72 Impsonite 73 Impulse (mechanics) 73 Impulse generator 74 Impulse turbine 74 Inadunata 76 Inarticulata 77 Incandescence 79 Incandescent lamp 80 Inclined plane 85 Incompressible flow 85 Index fossil 86 Indian Ocean 91 Indium 98 Indole 98 Inductance 99 Inductance measurement 100 Induction coil 103 Induction heating 104 Induction motor 106 Inductive coordination 112 Inductive voltage divider 113 Inductor 114 Industrial ecology 114 Industrial engineering 117 Industrial health and safety 119 Industrial meteorology 125 Industrial microbiology 126 Industrial trucks 129 Industrial wastewater treatment 129 Inert gases 133 Inertia 133 Inertia welding 134 Inertial navigation system 136 Infant diarrhea 140 Infant respiratory distress syndrome 140 Infarction 141 Infection 142 Infectious disease 142 Infectious mononucleosis 145 Infectious myxomatosis 145 Infectious papillomatosis 145 Infertility 146 Infinity 147 Inflammation 148 Inflammatory bowel disease 149 Inflationary universe cosmology 150 Inflorescence 157 Influenza 159 Information management 161 Information processing (psychology) 163 Information systems engineering 166 Information technology 169 Information theory 171 Information theory (biology) 176 Infrared astronomy 178 Infrared imaging devices 183 Infrared lamp 185 Infrared radiation 187 Infrared radiation (biology) 190 Infrared spectroscopy 191 Infrasound 197 Inhibitor (chemistry) 200 Ink 202 Inkjet printing 208 Inland waterways transportation 210 Inoculation 213 Inorganic and organometallic polymers 214 Inorganic chemistry 219 Inorganic photochemistry 223 Inositol 226 Insect control, biological 227 Insect diseases 228 Insect physiology 233 Insecta 244 Insecticide 253 Insectivora 257 Insectivorous plants 258 Insolation 258 Instanton 259 Instinctive behavior 260 Instrument landing system (ILS) 261 Instrument science 264 Instrument transformer 266 Instrumental conditioning 269 Instrumentation amplifier 270 Instrumented buoys 271 Insulation resistance testing 275 Insulin 277 Intaglio (gemology) 281 Integral equation 281 Integral transform 282 Integrated-circuit filter 284 Integrated circuits 287 Integrated optics 298 Integrated services digital network (ISDN) 301 Integration 303 Integumentary patterns 311 Intelligence 312 Intelligent machine 314 Intercalation compounds 318 Intercommunicating systems (intercoms) 320 Interface of phases 320 Interference filters 321 Interference-free circuitry 327 Interference microscope 330 Interference of waves 332 Interferometry 338 Interhalogen compounds 344 Intermediate-frequency amplifier 346 Intermediate vector boson 348 Intermetallic compounds 350 Intermolecular forces 352 Internal combustion engine 355 Internal energy 361 International Date Line 362 Internet 363 Interplanetary matter 366 Interplanetary propulsion 368 Interpolation 368 Interstellar extinction 372 Interstellar matter 372 Intestine 381 Intra-Americas Sea 381 Intron 382 Invasion ecology 384 Inventory control 386 Inverse scattering theory 388 Inverse-square law 390 Invertebrate embryology 390 Involute 398 Iodine 399 Ion 400 Ion beam mixing 400 Ion exchange 402 Ion implantation 408 Ion propulsion 410 Ion-selective membranes and electrodes 413 Ion-solid interactions 417 Ion sources 421 Ion transport 428 Ionic crystals 432 Ionic equilibrium 437 Ionic liquids 438 Ionization 441 Ionization chamber 441 Ionization potential 446 Ionophore 446 Ionosphere 448 Ipecac 451 Iridium 452 Iron 453 Iron alloys 453 Iron metabolism 457 Iron metallurgy 458 Ironwood 462 Irregularia 462 Irrigation (agriculture) 462 Isentropic flow 466 Isentropic process 466 Isentropic surfaces 467 Ising model 467 Island biogeography 470 Isoantigen 471 Isobar (meteorology) 471 Isobar (nuclear physics) 473 Isobaric process 473 Isobryales 474 Isocyanate 474 Isoelectric point 476 Isoelectronic sequence 478 Isoetales 478 Isolaimida 479 Isomerization 479 Isometric process 480 Isopoda 480 Isoprostanes 482 Isoptera 486 Isopycnic 489 Isostasy 489 Isotach 490 Isothermal chart 490 Isothermal process 491 Isotone 492 Isotope 492 Isotope dilution techniques 495 Isotope separation 496 Isotope shift 499 Isotopic irradiation 501 Ixodides 502 J J/psi particle— Jute 504 J/psi particle 504 Jade 505 Jadeite 505 Jahn-Teller effect 506 Jamming 509 Jasper 509 Jaundice 509 Jawless vertebrates 511 Jerboa 512 Jet (gemology) 513 Jet flow 513 Jet stream 514 Jewel bearing 515 Johne’s disease 516 Joint (anatomy) 517 Joint (structures) 519 Joint disorders 519 Jojoba 520 Josephson effect 521 Joule’s law 525 Juglandales 525 Juncales 525 Junction detector 525 Junction diode 531 Junction transistor 534 Jungermanniales 536 Jungermanniidae 537 Jupiter 537 Jurassic 545 Jute 549 K Kalahari Desert— Kyanite 552 Kalahari Desert 552 Kale 553 Kaliophilite 553 Kalsilite 553 Kangaroo 553 Kaolinite 554 Kapitza resistance 556 Kapok tree 557 K ́arm ́an vortex street 557 Karst topography 558 Kelvin bridge 560 Kelvin’s circulation theorem 561 Kelvin’s minimum-energy theorem 563 Kenaf 563 Kennel cough 564 Kentucky coffee tree 565 Kepler’s equation 565 Kepler’s laws 566 Kernite 567 Kerogen 567 Kerosine 568 Kerr effect 568 Ketene 569 Ketone 571 Key telephone system 572 Kidney 573 Kidney disorders 575 Killing equations 577 Kiln 579 Kimberlite 581 Kinematics 582 Kinetic methods of analysis 583 Kinetic theory of matter 586 Kinetoplastida 590 Kinorhyncha 591 Kirchhoff’s laws of electric circuits 592 Kite 593 Kiwifruit 593 Klebsiella 594 Klystron 595 Knudsen number 599 Koala 600 Kohlrabi 600 Kondo effect 601 K ̈oppen climate classification system 603 Kronig-Penney model 605 Krypton 606 Kudzu 606 Kuiper Belt 606 Kumquat 609 Kuroshio 610 Kutorginata 611 L Labradorite— Lever 614 Labradorite 614 Labyrinthulia 614 Lacquer 615 Lacrimal gland 615 Lactam 616 Lactase 616 Lactate 616 Lactation 617 Lactone 618 Lactose 619 Laevicaudata 619 Lagomorpha 620 Lagrange’s equations 621 Lagrangian function 624 Lake 624 Lamiales 626 Laminar flow 627 Laminariales 627 Lamniformes 630 Lamp 632 Lampriformes 633 Lamprophyre 634 Land drainage (agriculture) 636 Land reclamation 639 Land-use classes 642 Land-use planning 643 Landing gear 646 Landscape architecture 647 Landscape ecology 648 Landslide 650 Langevin function 652 Langmuir circulation 652 Language theory 654 Lanolin 656 Lanthanide contraction 656 Lanthanum 657 Laplace transform 657 Laplace’s differential equation 659 Laplacian 660 Larch 660 Large systems control theory 661 Larmor precession 663 Larnite 664 Larynx 664 Larynx disorders 665 Laser 665 Laser alloying 671 Laser cooling 673 Laser photobiology 675 Laser photochemistry 676 Laser-solid interactions 681 Laser spectroscopy 684 Laser welding 689 Lateral line system 692 Lateral meristem 694 Laterite 696 Latitude and longitude 696 Lattice (mathematics) 697 Lattice vibrations 701 Launch complex 703 Laurales 709 Lava 709 Lawn and turf grasses 710 Lawrencium 712 Lawson criterion 713 Lawsonite 714 Layered intrusion 714 Layout drawing 717 Lazurite 717 Le Chatelier’s principle 717 Leaching 718 Lead 720 Lead alloys 721 Lead isotopes (geochemistry) 722 Lead metallurgy 724 Leaf 728 Lean manufacturing 734 Learning mechanisms 739 Least-action principle 745 Least-squares method 745 Leather and fur processing 746 Lecanicephaloidea 750 Lecanorales 750 Lectins 751 Lecythidales 753 Legendre functions 753 Legionnaires’ disease 755 Legume 756 Legume forages 756 Leitneriales 757 Lemming 757 Lemniscate of Bernoulli 757 Lemon 757 Length 758 Lens (optics) 759 Lentil 762 Lenz’s law 763 Leo 763 Lepidodendrales 764 Lepidolite 765 Lepidoptera 766 Lepidosauria 783 Lepospondyli 784 Leprosy 785 Leptin 785 Lepton 788 Leptospirosis 789 Leptostraca 791 Lespedeza 791 Lethal dose 50 792 Lethal gene 792 Lettuce 793 Leucite rock 794 Leukemia 795 Level measurement 800 Lever 803 A tradition of excellence continues with the long-awaited Tenth Edition of McGraw-Hill's Encyclopedia of Science & Technology The definitive source for keeping up with the amazing changes in science and technology - complete with more than 1,700 new and updated articles Free supplemental website available to all users! www.mhest.com Featuring entries written by international leaders in science and technology selected by McGraw-Hill's distinguished board of consulting editors, no other reference so thoroughly and dynamically chronicles the expanding frontier, facts, and trends so vital to students, professionals, and general readers. For more than four decades, McGraw-Hill's Encyclopedia of Science & Technology has provided readers with the information they need in an understandable, authoritative way that invites critical inquiry and captures the imagination. There is truly nothing else like it and no library can be called complete without it. Readers will find 7,000+ articles covering nearly 100 fields of science in this amazing 20 volume set. The new Tenth Edition features more than 1,700 new and updated articles, 12,000+ illustrations, and more than 5000 contributors - including 25 Nobel Prize winners. Also new to the Tenth Edition is a companion website that will provide selected updates to the Encyclopedia along with additional material such as special graphics and illustrations. The logical organization of the 20 volumes, a 500 page analytical index, an extensive topic index, along with Study Guides, make finding information fast and easy. Cutting-edge topics covered include: Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Cloning, Food Allergy, Genomics, Stem Cells, Cellular Automata, Computational Intelligence, Computer-Aided Circuit Design, Voice-Over IP, Water Supply Engineering, Fossil Humans, Fossil Primates, and many, many more. (20071015) A tradition of excellence continues with the long-awaited Tenth Edition of McGraw-Hill's Encyclopedia of Science & Technology The definitive source for keeping up with the amazing changes in science and technology - complete with more than 1,700 new and updated articles Free supplemental website available to all users! (http://www.mhest.com) www.mhest.com Featuring entries written by international leaders in science and technology selected by McGraw-Hill's distinguished board of consulting editors, no other reference so thoroughly and dynamically chronicles the expanding frontier, facts, and trends so vital to students, professionals, and general readers. For more than four decades, McGraw-Hill's Encyclopedia of Science & Technology has provided readers with the information they need in an understandable, authoritative way that invites critical inquiry and captures the imagination. There is truly nothing else like it and no library can be called complete without it. Readers will find 7,000+ articles covering nearly 100 fields of science in this amazing 20 volume set. The new Tenth Edition features more than 1,700 new and updated articles, 12,000+ illustrations, and more than 5000 contributors - including 25 Nobel Prize winners. Also new to the Tenth Edition is a companion website that will provide selected updates to the Encyclopedia along with additional material such as special graphics and illustrations. The logical organization of the 20 volumes, a 500 page analytical index, an extensive topic index, along with Study Guides, make finding information fast and easy. Cutting-edge topics covered Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Cloning, Food Allergy, Genomics, Stem Cells, Cellular Automata, Computational Intelligence, Computer-Aided Circuit Design, Voice-Over IP, Water Supply Engineering, Fossil Humans, Fossil Primates, and many, many more. The McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology presents pertinent information in every field of modern science and technology. The 7100 articles are arranged alphabetically in the 19 text volumes. The 20th volume contains the indexes and ancillary materials. Broad survey articles are available for each of the disciplines covered; even readers with little prior knowledge of that discipline will find the basic concepts covered in these articles. From the survey article, the reader may proceed to more specialized articles using the cross-referencing system. The pattern of proceeding from the general to the specific has been employed not only in the plan of the Encyclopedia but within the body of the articles. Numerous illustrations, both line drawings and images, contribute to the utility, clarity, and interest of the test. Most of the articles contain bibliographies citing useful sources. - Publisher.