Mathematics Manual for Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operators: Water Treatment Operations; Math Concepts and Calculations; Third Edition

To properly operate a waterworks or wastewater treatment plant and to pass the examination for a waterworks/wastewater operator’s license, it is necessary to know how to perform certain calculations. All operators, at all levels of licensure, need a basic understanding of arithmetic and problem-solving techniques to solve the problems they typically encounter in the workplace. Hailed on its first publication as a masterly account written in an engaging, highly readable, user-friendly style, the fully updated Mathematics Manual for Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operators: Water Treatment Operations covers all the necessary computations used in water treatment today. It presents math operations that progressively advance to higher, more practical applications, including math operations that operators at the highest level of licensure would be expected to know and perform. Features: • Provides a strong foundation based on theoretical math concepts, which it then applies to solving practical problems for both water and wastewater operations. • Updated throughout and with several new practical problems added. • Provides illustrative examples for commonly used waterworks and wastewater treatment operations covering unit process operations found in today’s treatment facilities. Cover 1 Half Title 2 Title 4 Copyright 5 Contents 6 Preface 12 About the Author 14 Chapter 1 Pumping Calculations 16 1.1 Pumping 16 1.2 Basic Water Hydraulics Calculations 16 1.2.1 Weight of Water 16 1.2.2 Weight of Water Related to the Weight of Air 17 1.2.3 Water at Rest 17 1.2.4 Gauge Pressure 18 1.2.5 Water in Motion 18 1.2.5.1 Discharge 19 1.2.6 Pipe Friction 20 1.3 Basic Pumping Calculations 21 1.3.1 Pumping Rates 21 1.3.2 Calculating Head Loss 23 1.3.3 Calculating Head 23 1.3.4 Calculating Horsepower and Efficiency 24 1.3.4.1 Hydraulic Horsepower (WHP) 24 1.3.4.2 Pump Efficiency and Brake Horsepower (BHP) 25 1.3.5 Specific Speed 27 1.4 Positive Displacement Pumps 28 Chapter 2 Water Source and Storage Calculations 30 2.1 Water Sources 30 2.2 Water Source Calculations 31 2.2.1 Well Drawdown 31 2.2.2 Well Yield 32 2.2.3 Specific Yield 33 2.2.4 Well Casing Disinfection 34 2.2.5 Deep Well Turbine Pump Calculations 34 2.2.6 Vertical Turbine Pump Calculations 35 2.3 Water Storage 40 2.4 Water Storage Calculations 40 2.5 Copper Sulfate Dosing 42 2.6 Potassium Permanganate Dosing 45 2.6.1 The 411 on Iron and Manganese Removal 45 2.6.1.1 Iron and Manganese Removal Techniques 45 2.6.1.2 Precipitation 45 2.6.1.3 Oxidation 46 2.6.1.4 Ion Exchange 46 2.6.1.5 Sequestering 47 2.6.1.6 Aeration 47 2.6.1.7 Potassium Permanganate Oxidation and Manganese Greensand 47 Chapter 3 Coagulation and Flocculation Calculations 50 3.1 Coagulation 50 3.2 Flocculation 50 3.3 Coagulation and Flocculation Calculations 51 3.3.1 Chamber and Basin Volume Calculations 51 3.3.2 Detention Time 52 3.3.2.1 Determining Dry Chemical Feeder Setting (Lb/Day) 53 3.3.3 Determining Chemical Solution Feeder Setting (GPD) 54 3.3.4 Determining Chemical Solution Feeder Setting (ML/Min) 54 3.3.5 Determining Percent of Solutions 55 3.3.6 Determining Percent Strength of Liquid Solutions 56 3.3.7 Determining Percent Strength of Mixed Solutions 57 3.3.8 Dry Chemical Feeder Calibration 57 3.3.9 Solution Chemical Feeder Calibration 58 3.3.10 Determining Chemical Usage 60 3.4 Coagulation and Flocculation Practice Problems 61 3.5 Chemical Feeders 68 3.6 Chemical Feeder Calculations 69 Chapter 4 Sedimentation Calculations 74 4.1 Sedimentation 74 4.2 Tank Volume Calculations 74 4.2.1 Calculating Tank Volume 74 4.3 Detention Time (DT) 75 4.4 Surface Overflow Rate (SOR) 76 4.5 Mean Flow Velocity 77 4.6 Weir Loading Rate (Weir Overflow Rate, WOR) 78 4.7 Percent Settled Biosolids 79 4.8 Determining Lime Dosage (Mg/L) 80 4.9 Determining Lime Dosage (Lb/Day) 83 4.10 Determining Lime Dosage (G/Min) 84 4.11 Sedimentation Practice Problems 85 Chapter 5 Filtration Calculations 94 5.1 Water Filtration 94 5.2 Flow Rate through a Filter (GPM) 94 5.3 Filtration Rate 97 5.4 Unit Filter Run Volume (UFRV) 99 5.5 Backwash Rate 100 5.5.1 Backwash Rise Rate 102 5.6 Volume of Backwash Water Required (Gal) 103 5.7 Required Depth of Backwash Water Tank (Ft) 104 5.8 Backwash Pumping Rate (GPM) 104 5.9 Percent Product Water Used for Backwatering 105 5.10 Percent Mud Ball Volume 106 5.11 Filter Bed Expansion 107 5.12 Filter Loading Rate 108 5.13 Filter Medium Size 109 5.14 Mixed Media 110 5.15 Head Loss for Fixed-Bed Flow 111 5.16 Head Loss through a Fluidized Bed 112 5.17 Horizontal Washwater Troughs 114 5.18 Filter Efficiency 115 5.19 Water Filtration Practice Problems 116 5.20 Bibliography 121 Chapter 6 Water Chlorination Calculations 124 6.1 Chlorine Disinfection 124 6.2 Determining Chlorine Dosage (Feed Rate) 124 6.3 Calculating Chlorine Dose, Demand, and Residual 126 6.4 Breakpoint Chlorination Calculations 128 6.5 Calculating Dry Hypochlorite Feed Rate 130 6.6 Calculating Hypochlorite Solution Feed Rate 132 6.7 Calculating Percent Strength of Solutions 134 6.7.1 Calculating Percent Strength Using Dry Hypochlorite 134 6.7.2 Calculating Percent Strength Using Liquid Hypochlorite 135 6.8 Chemical Use Calculations 135 6.9 Chlorination Math Practice Problems 136 Chapter 7 Fluoridation 140 7.1 Water Fluoridation 140 7.2 Fluoride Compounds 140 7.2.1 Sodium Fluoride 141 7.2.2 Fluorosilicic Acid 141 7.2.3 Sodium Fluorosilicate 142 7.3 Optimal Fluoride Levels 143 7.4 Fluoridation Process Calculations 144 7.4.1 Percent Fluoride Ion in a Compound 144 7.4.2 Fluoride Feed Rate 145 7.4.3 Fluoride Feed Rates for Saturator 147 7.4.4 Calculated Dosages 148 7.4.5 Calculated Dosage Problems 150 7.4.6 Fluoridation Math Practice Problems 152 Chapter 8 Water Softening 156 8.1 Water Hardness 156 8.1.1 Calculating Calcium Hardness, as CaCO3 156 8.1.2 Calculating Magnesium Hardness, as CaCO3 157 8.1.3 Calculating Total Hardness 158 8.1.4 Calculating Carbonate and Noncarbonate Hardness 159 8.2 Alkalinity Determination 160 8.3 Determining Bicarbonate, Carbonate, and Hydroxide Alkalinity 161 8.4 Lime Dosage Calculation for Removal of Carbonate Hardness 163 8.5 Calculation for Removal of Noncarbonate Hardness 165 8.6 Recarbonation Calculation 166 8.7 Calculating Feed Rates 167 8.8 Ion Exchange Capacity 168 8.9 Water Treatment Capacity 169 8.10 Treatment Time Calculation (Until Regeneration Required) 171 8.11 Salt and Brine Required for Regeneration 171 8.12 Salt Solutions Table 172 Chapter 9 Water Treatment Practice Calculations: Basic Math Problems 174 9.1 Decimal Operations 174 9.2 Percentage Calculations 175 9.3 Find x 176 9.4 Ratio and Proportion 177 9.5 Area of Rectangles 178 9.6 Circumference and Area of Circles 178 9.7 Water Treatment Problems 179 9.8 Additional Practice Problems 249 9.8.1 Tank Volume Calculations 249 9.9 Channel and Pipeline Capacity Calculations 250 9.10 Miscellaneous Volume Calculations 250 9.11 Flow, Velocity, and Conversion Calculations 252 9.12 Average Flow Rates 254 9.13 Flow Conversions 254 9.14 General Flow and Velocity Calculations 255 9.15 Chemical Dosage Calculations 257 9.16 Advanced Practice Problems 258 Appendix A: Basic Math Answers 268 Index 316 Sedimentation;,Filtration;,Fluoridation;,Pumping;,Water,treatment,operator;,Water,storage;,Chlorination;,Water,softening Sedimentation,Filtration,Fluoridation,Pumping,Water treatment operator,Water storage,Chlorination,Water softening "To properly operate a waterworks or wastewater treatment plant and to pass the examination for a waterworks/wastewater operator's license, it is necessary to know how to perform certain calculations. All operators, at all levels of licensure, need a basic understanding of arithmetic and problem-solving techniques to solve the problems they typically encounter in the workplace. Hailed on its first publication as a masterly account written in an engaging, highly readable, user-friendly style, the fully updated Mathematics Manual for Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operators: Water Treatment Operations covers all the necessary computations used in water treatment today. It presents math operations that progressively advance to higher, more practical applications, including math operations that operators at the highest level of licensure would be expected to know and perform. Features: Provides a strong foundation based on theoretical math concepts, which it then applies to solving practical problems for both water and wastewater operations. Updated throughout and add several new practical problems. Provides illustrative examples for commonly used waterworks and wastewater treatment operations covering unit process operations found in today's treatment facilities"-- Provided by publisher