Mathematics Manual for Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operators: Wastewater Treatment Operations; Math Concepts and Calculations; Third Edition

To properly operate a waterworks or wastewater treatment plant and to pass the examination for a waterworks/wastewater operator’s license, it is necessary to know how to perform certain calculations. All operators, at all levels of licensure, need a basic understanding of arithmetic and problem-solving techniques to solve the problems they typically encounter in the workplace. Hailed on its first publication as a masterly account written in an engaging, highly readable, user-friendly style, the fully updated Mathematics Manual for Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operators: Wastewater Treatment Operations covers all the necessary computations used in wastewater treatment today. It presents math operations that progressively advance to higher, more practical applications, including math operations that operators at the highest level of licensure would be expected to know and perform. Features: • Provides a strong foundation based on theoretical math concepts, which it then applies to solving practical problems for both water and wastewater operations. • Updated throughout and with several new practical problems added. • Provides illustrative examples for commonly used waterworks and wastewater treatment operations covering unit process operations found in today’s treatment facilities. Cover 1 Half Title 2 Title 4 Copyright 5 Contents 6 Preface 12 About the Author 14 Chapter 1 Flow, Velocity, and Pumping Calculations 16 1.1 Velocity and Flow Calculations 16 1.1.1 Flow through Pipe Flowing Less Than Full 19 1.2 Flow and Velocity Practice Problems 20 1.3 Pumping 23 1.4 Basic Water Hydraulics Calculations 23 1.4.1 Weight of Water 23 1.4.2 Weight of Water Related to the Weight of Air 24 1.4.3 Water at Rest 25 1.4.4 Gauge Pressure 25 1.4.5 Water in Motion 26 1.4.5.1 Discharge 26 1.4.6 Pipe Friction 28 1.5 Basic Pumping Calculations 29 1.5.1 Pumping Rates 29 1.5.2 Calculating Head Loss 31 1.5.3 Calculating Head 31 1.5.4 Calculating Horsepower and Efficiency 32 1.5.4.1 Hydraulic Horsepower (WHP) 32 1.5.4.2 Pump Efficiency and Brake Horsepower (BHP) 32 1.5.5 Specific Speed 35 1.6 Positive Displacement Pumps 35 1.6.1 Volume of Biosolids Pumped (Capacity) 36 Chapter 2 Preliminary Treatment Calculations 38 2.1 Wet Well Capacity and Pumping Rate 38 2.2 Screening 39 2.2.1 Screenings Removal Calculations 39 2.2.2 Screenings Pit Capacity Calculations 40 2.3 Grit Removal 42 2.3.1 Grit Removal Calculations 42 2.3.2 Grit Channel Velocity Calculation 44 2.4 Screenings and Grit Removal Practice Problems 46 Chapter 3 Primary Treatment Calculations 50 3.1 Process Control Calculations 50 3.1.1 Weir Overflow Rate (Weir Loading Rate) 52 3.1.2 Biosolids Pumping 54 3.1.3 BOD and SS Removed, Lb/Day 55 3.2 Primary Treatment Practice Problems 55 Chapter 4 Trickling Filter Calculations 58 4.1 Trickling Filter Process Calculations 58 4.1.1 Hydraulic Loading Rate 58 4.1.2 Organic Loading Rate 61 4.1.3 BOD and SS Removed 62 4.1.4 Recirculation Flow 63 4.2 Trickling Filter Practice Problems 63 Chapter 5 Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs) 66 5.1 RBC Process Control Calculations 66 5.1.1 Hydraulic Loading Rate 66 5.1.2 Soluble BOD 68 5.1.3 Organic Loading Rate 69 5.1.4 Total Media Area 70 5.2 RBC Practice Problems 71 Chapter 6 Activated Biosolids 74 6.1 Activated Biosolids Process Control Calculations 74 6.1.1 Moving Averages 74 6.1.2 BOD or COD Loading 75 6.1.3 Solids Inventory 77 6.1.4 Food-to-Microorganism Ratio (F/M Ratio) 77 6.1.5 Gould Biosolids Age 81 6.1.6 Mean Cell Residence Time (MCRT) 81 6.1.7 Waste Rate in Million Gallons/Day 82 6.1.8 Estimating Return Rates from SSV60 83 6.1.9 Sludge Volume Index (SVI) 84 6.1.10 Mass Balance: Settling Tank Suspended Solids 85 6.1.11 Biosolids Waste Based upon Mass Balance 86 6.1.12 Oxidation Ditch Detention Time 87 6.2 Activated Biosolids Practice Problems 88 Chapter 7 Treatment Ponds 90 7.1 Treatment Pond Parameters 90 7.1.1 Determining Pond Area (Inches) 90 7.1.2 Determining Pond Volume (Acre-Feet) 90 7.1.3 Determining Flow Rate in Acre-Feet/Day 90 7.1.4 Determining Flow Rate in Acre-Inches/Day 91 7.2 Treatment Pond Process Control Calculations 91 7.2.1 Hydraulic Detention Time, Days 91 7.2.2 BOD Loading 91 7.2.3 Organic Loading Rate 92 7.2.4 BOD Removal Efficiency 92 7.2.5 Population Loading 93 7.3 Treatment Pond Practice Problems 93 Chapter 8 Chemical Dosage Calculations 96 8.1 Chemical Dosing 96 8.1.1 Chemical Feed Rate 96 8.1.2 Chlorine Dose, Demand, and Residual 98 8.1.2.1 Chlorine Dose 99 8.1.2.2 Chlorine Demand 99 8.1.2.3 Chlorine Residual 99 8.1.3 Hypochlorite Dosage 100 8.1.4 Chemical Solutions 102 8.1.5 Mixing Solutions of Different Strength 103 8.1.6 Solution Mixtures Target Percent Strength 104 8.1.7 Solution Chemical Feeder Setting (GPD) 104 8.1.8 Chemical Feed Pump—Percent Stroke Setting 106 8.1.9 Chemical Solution Feeder Setting (ML/Min) 106 8.1.10 Chemical Feed Calibration 107 8.1.11 Average Use Calculations 110 8.2 Chemical Dosage Practice Problems 111 Chapter 9 Biosolids Production and Pumping Calculations 114 9.1 Process Residuals 114 9.2 Primary and Secondary Solids Production Calculations 114 9.2.1 Primary Clarifier Solids Production Calculations 115 9.2.2 Secondary Clarifier Solids Production Calculation 115 9.3 Percent Solids 117 9.4 Biosolids Pumping 117 9.4.1 Estimating Daily Biosolids Production 118 9.4.2 Biosolids Production in Pounds/Million Gallons 118 9.4.3 Biosolids Production in Wet Tons/Year 118 9.4.4 Biosolids Pumping Time 119 9.4.5 Biosolids Pumped/Day in Gallons 119 9.4.6 Biosolids Pumped/Day in Pounds 120 9.4.7 Solids Pumped/Day in Pounds 120 9.4.8 Volatile Matter Pumped/Day in Pounds 120 9.4.9 Pounds of Solids/Pounds of Volatile Solids/Day 121 9.5 Biosolids Production and Pumping Practice Calculations 121 Chapter 10 Biosolids Thickening Calculations 124 10.1 Thickening 124 10.2 Gravity/Dissolved Air Flotation Thickener Calculations 124 10.2.1 Estimating Daily Biosolids Production 124 10.2.2 Surface Loading Rate, Gal/Day/Ft2 125 10.2.3 Solids Loading Rate, Lb/Day/Ft2 126 10.2.4 Concentration Factor (CF) 126 10.2.5 Recycle Flow in Percent 127 10.3 Centrifuge Thickening Calculations 127 10.4 Biosolids Thickening Practice Problems 128 Chapter 11 Biosolids Digestion 130 11.1 Biosolids Stabilization 130 11.2 Aerobic Digestion Process Control Calculations 130 11.2.1 Volatile Solids Loading in Lb/Ft3/Day 130 11.2.2 Digestion Time (Day) 131 11.2.3 pH Adjustment 131 11.3 Anaerobic Digestion Process Control Calculations 132 11.3.1 Required Seed Volume in Gallons 133 11.3.2 Volatile-Acids-to-Alkalinity Ratio 133 11.3.3 Biosolids Retention Time 133 11.3.4 Estimated Gas Production in Cubic Feet/Day 134 11.3.5 Volatile Matter Reduction in Percent 134 11.3.6 Percent Moisture Reduction in Digested Biosolids 135 11.4 Biosolids Digestion Practice Problems 135 Chapter 12 Biosolids Dewatering and Disposal 138 12.1 Biosolids Dewatering 138 12.2 Pressure Filtration Calculations 138 12.2.1 Plate and Frame Press 138 12.2.1.1 Solids Loading Rate 139 12.2.1.2 Net Filter Yield 139 12.2.2 Belt Filter Press 140 12.2.3 Hydraulic Loading Rate 140 12.2.4 Biosolids Feed Rate 142 12.2.5 Solids Loading Rate 142 12.2.6 Flocculant Feed Rate 143 12.2.7 Flocculant Dosage 143 12.2.8 Total Suspended Solids 144 12.3 Rotary Vacuum Filter Dewatering Calculations 145 12.3.1 Filter Loading 145 12.3.2 Filter Yield 146 12.3.3 Vacuum Filter Operating Time 146 12.3.4 Percent Solids Recovery 147 12.4 Sand Drying Bed Calculations 148 12.4.1 Sand Drying Beds Process Control Calculations 148 12.4.2 Total Biosolids Applied 148 12.4.3 Solids Loading Rate 149 12.4.4 Biosolids Withdrawal to Drying Beds 149 12.5 Biosolids Disposal 150 12.5.1 Land Application Calculations 150 12.5.2 Disposal Cost 150 12.5.2.1 Plant Available Nitrogen (PAN) 151 12.5.3 Application Rate Based on Crop Nitrogen Requirement 151 12.5.4 Metals Loading 152 12.5.5 Maximum Allowable Applications Based upon Metals Loading 152 12.5.6 Site Life Based on Metals Loading 152 12.6 Biosolids to Compost 153 12.6.1 Composting Calculations 154 12.6.1.1 Blending Dewatered Biosolids with Composted Biosolids 154 12.6.1.2 Compost Site Capacity Calculation 155 12.7 Biosolids Dewatering and Disposal Practice Problems 156 Chapter 13 Wastewater Treatment Practice Calculations 158 13.1 Additional Water/Wastewater Practice Problems 271 13.1.1 Advanced Practice Problems 279 Appendix A: Answers Chapter 13, Wastewater Treatment Practice Problems 284 Appendix B: Formulae 334 Index 336 Wastewater,treatment,operator;,Treatment,ponds;,Rotating,Biological,Contactors;,Wastewater,pumping;,Trickling,filter;,Biosolids;,Wastewater,lab Wastewater treatment operator,Treatment ponds,Rotating Biological Contactors,Wastewater pumping,Trickling filter,Biosolids,Wastewater lab "To properly operate a waterworks or wastewater treatment plant and to pass the examination for a waterworks/wastewater operator's license, it is necessary to know how to perform certain calculations. All operators, at all levels of licensure, need a basic understanding of arithmetic and problem-solving techniques to solve the problems they typically encounter in the workplace. Hailed on its first publication as a masterly account written in an engaging, highly readable, user-friendly style, the fully updated Mathematics Manual for Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operators: Water Treatment Operations covers all the necessary computations used in water treatment today. It presents math operations that progressively advance to higher, more practical applications, including math operations that operators at the highest level of licensure would be expected to know and perform. Features: Provides a strong foundation based on theoretical math concepts, which it then applies to solving practical problems for both water and wastewater operations. Updated throughout and add several new practical problems. Provides illustrative examples for commonly used waterworks and wastewater treatment operations covering unit process operations found in today's treatment facilities"-- Provided by publisher