Maternal-Fetal Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation

"Improving clinicians' understanding of effects nutrition can have on maternal health and fetal and neonatal development can have considerable impact on achieving a healthy pregnancy and reducing childhood morbidity. This book defines the nutritional requirements with regard to each stage of fetal development and growth, placing scientific developments into a clinical context. Clinicians and scientists discuss: how the fetus grows and what macro- and micronutrients it requires; what happens when there is nutrient deficiency and when placental development is abnormal; aspects of infant feeding, both with breast milk and formula milk. Specific problems encountered in pregnancy that pose a nutritional challenge are also considered, including pregnancy in teenagers, multiple pregnancies and pregnancy in those who are vegetarians or vegans. All doctors, health-care workers or scientists who either care for women, their newborn and growing infants, or who are involved in research in these areas, will find this to be essential reading"--Provided by publisher. Half-title......Page 3 Title......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 Contributors......Page 8 Cardiovascular system......Page 11 Maternal metabolic changes in gestation......Page 12 The effect of maternal nutrient availability......Page 13 Secretion of human chorionic somatomammotropin and growth hormone......Page 14 Role of adipokines......Page 15 Nutrient partitioning across the placenta......Page 16 Placental nutrient transport capacity and fetal growth......Page 17 Regulation of placental nutrient transport......Page 18 References......Page 19 Placental glucose transport and metabolism......Page 22 Fetal glucose utilization......Page 23 Intrauterine growth restriction......Page 24 Protein (nitrogen) requirements during pregnancy......Page 25 Fetal amino acid metabolism......Page 26 Abnormal delivery of amino acids to the fetus with IUGR......Page 27 Placental uptake, synthesis, and metabolism of fatty acids......Page 28 Maternal diet and essential fatty acid supply......Page 29 Acknowledgments......Page 30 References......Page 31 Minerals essential for pregnancy......Page 34 Primary deficiencies – some examples......Page 35 Secondary deficiencies – some examples......Page 36 Maternal well-being......Page 37 Neonatal nutrition......Page 38 Utilization and redistribution of body stores......Page 39 Conclusions......Page 40 References......Page 41 The importance of accurate data for gestational duration......Page 44 Selecting a standard of fetal growth......Page 45 Nonpathological determinants of fetal growth......Page 46 Birth weight versus estimated fetal weights and statistically modelled trajectories......Page 47 How to “measure” appropriateness of growth......Page 48 The role of maternal nutrition in fetal growth......Page 49 Nutrient supplementation and fetal growth......Page 50 Summary Table......Page 51 References......Page 52 Introduction......Page 54 Maternal undernutrition before conception......Page 55 Maternal nutrition – macronutrients......Page 57 Maternal nutrition – micronutrients......Page 58 Reappraisal of maternal interventions......Page 60 References......Page 61 Potential contribution by specific nutritional deficiencies......Page 63 Antioxidants......Page 64 Calcium......Page 65 Garlic......Page 66 Salt intake......Page 67 Obesity......Page 68 Key clinical points......Page 69 References......Page 70 Human milk production and composition......Page 73 Infant nutritional requirements......Page 75 Differences between breast-fed infants and formula-fed infants......Page 76 Maternal needs related to lactation......Page 77 Conclusions......Page 79 References......Page 80 Introduction......Page 82 Targets for requirements......Page 83 Meeting energy requirements: the 6-month debate......Page 85 Meeting requirements for fat and fatty acids......Page 86 Meeting requirements for micronutrients......Page 87 Requirements beyond 6 months of age......Page 88 Summary......Page 89 References......Page 90 Major differences in nutritional requirements between preterm and term infants......Page 92 Amino acids......Page 93 Calcium and phosphorus......Page 94 Vitamins......Page 95 Achieving optimal nutrition in preterm infants......Page 96 Postdischarge nutrition in preterm infants......Page 97 Early nutrition and later health in preterm infants: an overview......Page 98 References......Page 100 History of infant formulas......Page 102 Cow's milk–based formulas......Page 103 Protein hydrolysate formulas......Page 105 Regulation of infant formulas......Page 107 Growth of formula-fed infants......Page 109 Complementary feeding......Page 110 References......Page 114 Introduction......Page 116 Immune function......Page 118 Overweight and obesity......Page 119 Cognition......Page 120 Type I diabetes......Page 121 Breast cancer......Page 122 Postpartum weight loss......Page 123 Cardiovascular disease......Page 124 Conclusions......Page 125 References......Page 126 Introduction......Page 129 Nutritional requirements of adolescent pregnancy......Page 130 Interventions to improve nutritional intake of teenage pregnant women......Page 133 References......Page 137 Clinical approach......Page 139 Energy and macronutrients......Page 140 Folate......Page 141 Iodine......Page 142 Peanuts and other nuts......Page 143 Supplements......Page 144 Conclusions......Page 145 References......Page 146 Introduction......Page 148 Treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum......Page 149 Hyperemesis gravidarum and nutrition......Page 151 References......Page 154 15 Multiple pregnancy......Page 157 Carbohydrate metabolism......Page 158 Iron status......Page 159 Essential fatty acid requirements......Page 160 Maternal weight gain......Page 161 Key clinical points......Page 162 References......Page 163 16 Mineral and vitamin supplementation before, during, and after conception......Page 165 Vitamin B1 (thiamine)......Page 168 Vitamin B9 (folic acid)......Page 169 Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)......Page 170 Conclusion......Page 171 References......Page 172 Transcriptional activity and DNA methylation......Page 177 Ovarian stimulation and oocyte maturation......Page 178 Maternal diet and egg quality......Page 179 Developmental legacy of calcium signaling......Page 181 Preimplantation development......Page 182 Embryo culture......Page 183 Effect of B vitamins in the periconceptional diet......Page 184 Conclusions......Page 185 References......Page 186 Introduction......Page 190 Roles of DNA methylation......Page 191 Cycles of epigenetic modification......Page 192 Diet-associated hypomethylation in sheep......Page 193 Diet-induced hypermethylation in the agoutivy mouse......Page 194 Neural tube defects......Page 195 Epigenetic aberrations after animal embryo culture......Page 196 Metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and insulin resistance......Page 197 Postnatal programming......Page 198 Impact of imprinted genes on resources and placental growth......Page 199 Transgenerational epigenetic modification......Page 200 Lessons from animal models......Page 201 Summary......Page 202 References......Page 203 Index......Page 206 Machine generated contents note: Part I. Nutritional Regulation and Requirements for Pregnancy and Fetal Growth: 1. Maternal adaptations to pregnancy and the role of the placenta Leslie Myatt and Theresa Powell; 2. Pregnancy and feto-placental growth: macronutrients Laura Brown, Tim Regnault, Paul Rozance, James Barry and William W. Hay Jr; 3. Mineral requirements of the mother and conceptus Lorraine Gambling and Harry J. McArdle; 4. Individualized growth curves and size at birth Eve Blair; 5. Maternal diets in the developing world Shobha Rao and Chittaranjan Yajnik; 6. Pre-eclampsia Fergus McCarthy and Louise Kenny; Part II. Nutritional Regulation and Requirements for Lactation and Infant Growth: 7. Macronutrients for lactation and infant growth Thibault Senterre, Jacques Rigo; 8. Changes in nutrient requirements with age after birth Christopher H. Knight; 9. Comparison between preterm and term infants Mary Fewtrell and Sirinuch Chomtho; 10. Influences of timing and duration of formula feeding on infant growth William C. Heird; 11. Maternal and offspring benefits of breastfeeding Alison C. Tse and Karin B. Michels; Part III. Specialized Requirements: 12. Teenage pregnancies Annie S. Anderson and Wendy Wrieden; 13. Vegetarians and vegans during pregnancy and lactation Rana Conway and Adrienne Cullum; 14. Hyperemesis in pregnancy James D. Paauw and Alan T. Davis; 15. Multiple pregnancy Barbara Luke; 16. Mineral and vitamin supplementation before, during and after conception Y. Ingrid Goh; 17. Determinants of egg and embryo quality: long term effects of maternal diet and assisted reproduction Kevin D. Sinclair and Wing Yee Kwong; 18. Nutrition, environment and epigenetics Ian M. Morison and Wolf Reik; Index. "Improving clinicians' understanding of effects nutrition can have on maternal health and fetal and neonatal development can have considerable impact on achieving a healthy pregnancy and reducing childhood morbidity. This book defines the nutritional requirements with regard to each stage of fetal development and growth, placing scientific developments into a clinical context. Clinicians and scientists discuss : how the fetus grows and what macro- and micronutrients it requires; what happens when there is nutrient deficiency and when placental development is abnormal; aspects of infant feeding, both with breast milk and formula milk. Specific problems encountered in pregnancy that pose a nutritional challenge are also considered, including pregnancy in teenagers, multiple pregnancies and pregnancy in those who are vegetarians or vegans. All doctors, health-care workers or scientists who either care for women, their newborn and growing infants, or who are involved in research in these areas, will find this to be essential reading"--Résumé de l'éditeur