Materials in Sports Equipment, Volume 2 (Woodhead Publishing in Materials)

The first volume of Materials in Sports Equipment has become an essential reference describing improvements in materials technology and their impact on equipment in a range of sports. This second volume covers recent developments in advanced materials and their application in a number of sports not included in Volume 1. It begins with a discussion of general issues such as modelling of materials behaviour in sports equipment, non-destructive testing methods, materials and design for sports apparel and mouth and skull protection. It then analyses the materials and design of equipment used for specific sports and reviews design and materials in athletic and fitness equipment. Materials in sports equipment, Volume 2......Page 3 Contents......Page 5 Contributor contact details......Page 10 Preface......Page 13 Table of Contents......Page 0 Part I: General issues......Page 15 1.1 Introduction......Page 16 1.2 Properties of metallic alloys......Page 17 1.3 Modelling the properties of metallic alloys......Page 22 1.3.1 Application of modelling: assessing hardness around a weld......Page 25 1.4 Modelling polymeric materials......Page 28 1.4.1 Data for modelling polymeric materials......Page 30 1.5 Properties and modelling of composites......Page 31 1.5.1 Limits to composite modelling......Page 34 1.6 Modelling sandwich structures......Page 36 1.7 Future trends......Page 44 1.8 Acknowledgements......Page 45 1.9 References......Page 46 2.1.1 Objective......Page 48 2.2 Principles of infrared thermography testing......Page 49 2.2.2 Thermoelasticity......Page 51 2.2.4 Thermal phenomena......Page 52 2.3.1 Scanning radiometer with a unique infrared detector......Page 53 2.3.2 Infrared focal plane array camera......Page 54 2.4 Applications: mechanical performance of tennis racket strings......Page 55 2.4.1 Natural gut string......Page 56 2.4.3 Dry sliding of natural gut string at nodes......Page 58 2.5 Applications: damage detection in leather sports footwear......Page 60 2.5.1 Main characteristics of leather......Page 61 2.5.2 Traditional techniques for testing leather......Page 62 2.5.3 Thermography testing of a leather specimen......Page 63 2.5.4 Thermography testing of a leather seam......Page 64 2.6 Applications: testing sailcloth for yachts......Page 65 2.7.1 Testing the 1998 World Cup soccer ball......Page 66 2.7.2 Screening foot trauma from long distance walking......Page 68 2.9 References......Page 70 3.1 Introduction......Page 73 3.2.1 Fibers......Page 74 3.2.3 Fabrics......Page 76 Other fabric construction......Page 77 Fabric properties......Page 78 3.3 Finishing and fasteners......Page 79 3.3.1 Fasteners......Page 81 3.4 Testing sports apparel performance......Page 82 3.4.1 Strength parameters......Page 83 3.4.4 Seam breaking strength......Page 84 3.5 Design of sports apparel: thermal performance......Page 85 3.5.2 Convection......Page 87 3.5.3 Evaporation......Page 88 3.5.5 Measuring thermal performance......Page 90 3.6.1 Wind resistance......Page 91 3.6.3 Fit......Page 92 3.6.5 Safety......Page 93 3.7 Future trends......Page 94 3.8 Sources of further information and advice......Page 97 3.9 References......Page 98 4.1 Introduction......Page 100 4.2 Incidence of mild traumatic brain injury in sport......Page 101 4.3 Biomechanics and dynamics of head impacts in sport......Page 102 4.3.1 Dynamics of head impacts......Page 105 4.3.3 Viscoelastic properties of material selection......Page 107 4.4 Helmet construction: shell materials......Page 108 4.4.1 Properties and manufacturing of polycarbonate......Page 109 4.4.2 Properties and manufacturing of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS)......Page 111 4.4.3 Properties and manufacturing of polyolefin materials......Page 112 4.5.1 Multiple-impact resilient foam systems......Page 113 4.5.2 Multiple-impact dual-density foam systems......Page 114 4.5.3 Multiple-impact two-stage foam/mechanical systems......Page 115 4.5.4 Single-impact crushable foam systems......Page 116 4.6 Helmet safety standards and performance testing......Page 117 4.6.1 Linear impact performance testing......Page 120 4.6.2 Projectile impact performance testing......Page 121 4.7.1 Lacrosse......Page 123 4.7.2 Ice hockey......Page 125 4.7.3 Rugby......Page 126 4.7.4 Football/soccer......Page 128 4.7.5 The role of proper fit......Page 129 4.9 Sources of further information and advice......Page 130 4.11 References......Page 136 5.1 Introduction......Page 140 5.2 The development and classification of mouth protection in sport......Page 141 5.2.1 Classification of mouthguards......Page 142 5.3 Incidence of orofacial injury in sport......Page 144 5.4 Biomechanics and dynamics of dental injury......Page 145 5.4.1 Tooth biomechanics......Page 146 5.4.2 Head biomechanics......Page 148 5.4.3 Behavior of viscoelastic materials......Page 150 5.4.4 Energy dissipation in viscoelastic materials......Page 151 5.4.5 Desired dynamic properties of materials......Page 152 5.5.1 Chemical properties......Page 153 5.5.2 Mechanical and physical properties......Page 155 5.5.3 Fabrication techniques......Page 156 5.6 Standards and testing for mouthguards......Page 158 5.6.1 Testing for hardness......Page 159 5.6.3 Testing for moisture absorption......Page 160 5.7 Comfort and fit of mouthguards......Page 161 5.8 Future trends......Page 162 5.9 Sources of further information and advice......Page 163 5.11 References......Page 167 Part II: Specific sports......Page 170 6.1 Introduction......Page 171 6.1.2 The development of baseball......Page 172 6.2 Ball design and construction......Page 174 6.2.1 Construction of the baseball......Page 175 6.2.3 Ball construction in college and high school baseball......Page 176 6.3 Bat design and construction......Page 178 6.3.1 The wood bat......Page 181 6.3.2 The aluminum bat......Page 184 6.3.3 The composite bat......Page 186 6.3.4 The future design of aluminum and composite bats......Page 187 6.4.1 Gloves for catching the ball......Page 188 6.5 Protective and other equipment......Page 190 6.5.1 Protective equipment for the catcher......Page 191 6.5.3 Bases......Page 192 6.6 Future trends......Page 193 Japan......Page 194 6.8 Acknowledgements......Page 195 6.9 References......Page 196 7.1 Introduction......Page 197 7.2 Riding styles in snowboarding......Page 198 7.2.1 Loading conditions......Page 199 7.3 Snowboard design......Page 200 7.4 Materials and their configuration in snowboards......Page 204 7.5 Manufacture of snowboards......Page 207 7.6 Summary and future trends......Page 212 7.8 References......Page 214 8.2 Skate design......Page 215 8.3 Evaluating skate design......Page 217 8.3.1 Analysing and improving the stiffness properties of skates......Page 222 8.4 The design of ice hockey sticks......Page 225 8.4.1 Stick materials and construction......Page 227 8.5.1 Performance testing......Page 229 8.7 References......Page 234 9.1 Introduction......Page 237 9.1.2 The distinctive characteristics of fly fishing......Page 238 9.2 Performance requirements: hooking and landing the fish......Page 240 9.3 Performance requirements: casting......Page 243 9.4 Leaders......Page 246 9.5 Flylines......Page 248 9.5.1 Flyline manufacture......Page 249 9.6 Rods......Page 251 9.6.1 Rod design......Page 253 9.7 Reels......Page 256 9.8 Summary and future trends......Page 257 9.9 References......Page 258 10.1 Introduction......Page 260 10.2 Modelling bow performance......Page 262 10.2.1 Quality coefficients......Page 265 10.3 Modelling bow design......Page 267 10.4.1 Limb materials......Page 270 10.4.2 Arrow materials......Page 272 10.4.3 String materials......Page 276 10.4.4 Riser materials......Page 278 10.5 Summary and future trends......Page 279 10.6 Conclusions......Page 280 10.7 References......Page 281 11.2 International regulation of competitive rowing equipment......Page 283 Rule 31 – Free Construction......Page 284 Bye-Law to Rule 31 – Boats and Equipment......Page 285 11.2.3 FISA guideline for safe rowing equipment......Page 286 11.2.6 Adaptive rowing events......Page 287 Regulation, Rule 31 – Boats and Equipment......Page 288 11.3 Design of modern rowing boats......Page 289 11.3.1 Hydrodynamic design......Page 290 11.3.2 Other factors in design......Page 292 11.4.1 Matrix, reinforcement and core materials......Page 293 11.4.2 Wet laminating technology......Page 295 11.4.3 Pre-preg technology......Page 296 11.4.4 Moulds......Page 297 11.5.1 Riggers......Page 298 11.5.2 Stretchers and seats......Page 301 11.6.2 Main dimensions......Page 303 11.7 Testing of rowing material......Page 304 11.8.3 Offshore rowing......Page 306 11.9 Acknowledgements......Page 307 12.1 Introduction......Page 308 12.2 Pole vault design and materials......Page 309 12.2.1 Construction of a fibreglass pole......Page 313 12.2.2 Carbon fibre poles......Page 315 12.3 Javelin design and materials......Page 316 12.4 Design and materials for the shot put, hammer and discus......Page 319 12.4.1 Design and materials for the discus......Page 320 12.5 Design and materials for hurdles, starting blocks and shoes for athletes......Page 321 12.5.1 Starting blocks......Page 322 12.5.3 High jump and long jump shoes......Page 323 12.6 Design and materials for running surfaces and other athletic facilities......Page 324 12.6.1 Safety equipment......Page 325 12.7 Design and materials in timing and other equipment......Page 326 12.7.1 Starting guns......Page 327 12.7.3 Wind gauges......Page 328 12.8 Future trends......Page 329 12.10 References......Page 330 13.1.1 Absence of product differentiation......Page 333 13.2 Market research for fitness equipment......Page 334 13.2.1 Participation rates and sales of current equipment......Page 335 13.2.2 User demographics......Page 336 Primary research case study: Reebok® Deck......Page 337 Secondary research case study: patent search......Page 338 PDS case study: Reebok® Gripmasters......Page 340 Design case study: low-level prototyping of the Reebok Deck......Page 341 13.3.5 Manufacturing......Page 342 Traditional outsourced versus innovative in-house manufacture......Page 343 13.4.1 Case study: handheld dumbbell technology......Page 344 13.4.3 Case study: testing techniques for the Reebok Deck......Page 345 13.4.4 Case study: materials for the Orbitor......Page 346 13.5 Future trends......Page 347 13.5.2 Health monitoring and personalised exercise......Page 348 13.6 Sources of further information and advice......Page 349 13.8 References......Page 350 Describes improvements in materials technology and their impact on equipment in a range of sports. This volume covers various developments in advanced materials and their application in a number of sports. It discusses general issues such as modelling of materials behaviour in sports equipment, and non-destructive testing methods.