Material Images of Humans from the Natufian to Pottery Neolithic Periods in the Levant (BAR International)

This book focuses on the 'un-naturalistic' iconography of human imagery intuitively regarded as 'super-natural'. A Darwinian model of the evolution of symbolic culture, the Female Cosmetic Coalitions model, provides theoretical grounding for the earliest androgynous and therianthropic religious representations and provides theoretical confidence as to the long-term survival of symbols. An analogy between simple shapes and human genitalia expresses the fusion of male and female. The background is the transition from hunting and gathering to farming; power relations are presented as changing from an 'original social contract' underpinned by female ritual power, to a 'new social contract' driven by competing male elites. This dissertation demonstrates that the surprising iconography of human images in the archaeological assemblages of the Levantine Neolithic indicates that they were gods. An analysis of the iconography of the human-like artifacts of my data reveals genital shapes used metaphorically to portray androgynous images as well as elements of therianthropic imagery and red pigment. This iconography meets the predictions of the evolutionary anthropological hypothesis, the 'Female Cosmetic Coalition model' (FCC), which describes the first supernatural symbols as fused male: female, human: animal and red, and predicts that the iconography of early gods would bear this same symbolic syntax, y thesis shows that the material images of the Natufian and Neolithic in the Levant fit this model closely, confirming their identity as gods. The hunter-gatherer socio-economic structure established by the strategies of the FCC was expressed as the first social contract, by which humans lived for thousands of years. The FCC model provides an underlying unchanging syntax in the face of changing political-economy and sexual politics. I interpret my data as revealing a process of male ritual elites increasingly appropriating this syntax, incorporating it in a new social contract. At the end of the last Ice Age, I predict that in the Near East male elites competedto circumvent the onerous burden of the first social contract, to appropriate female ritual power and to establish hierarchical religion legitimizing a new social contract between humans and supernatural beings. This new contract bound gods and humans in a partnership of exchange. I suggest that this process can be identified in the increasingly elaborate ritual activity using costly signalling theory. This work contributes to the decipherment of the iconography of this assemblage of human images, and proposes a model for the origins of religion and social differentiation in the Levant Front Cover Title Page Copyright Abstract Table of Contents Acknowledgements PART I Map of the Levant Chronology CHAPTER ONE Introduction CHAPTER TWO Literature Review CHAPTER THREE Theory and Methodology CHAPTER FOUR Archaeological Background to the End of the Natufian CHAPTER FIVE Archaeological Background Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic Periods CHAPTER SIX Interpretation CHAPTER SEVEN Interpretation – Male Gods CHAPTER EIGHT Other Theories CHAPTER NINE Implications for the Neolithic Bibliography PART II