Mastering Analog Electronics: Unlocking the Power of Circuits and Semiconductors

Embark on a transformative journey through the intricate world of analogue electronics. This comprehensive guide is designed to empower learners at every level with the knowledge and practical expertise necessary for a successful career in analogue electronics. Starting with the foundational disparities between analogue and digital electronics, this book provides a clear understanding of current flow, conductors, and insulators. You’ll delve into the realm of semiconductors, uncovering their revolutionary impact and the art of manipulating them through doping techniques. The heart of analogue circuitry comes alive as you explore PN junctions, grasp diode behavior, and utilize TINA 12 ECAD software for hands-on simulations. Transistors and the Opamp then take center-stage, from their configurations to their roles as switches and amplifiers, with practical examples and simulations enhancing your comprehension. Master the unique attributes of bipolar junction transistors and field effect transistors, honing your skills using TINA 12. Dive into operational amplifiers functions, and versatile configurations, and navigate mathematical operations and signal filtering. Whether you're a novice or an experienced engineer, embark on this educational journey today with Mastering Analogue Electronics and unleash your potential in analogue circuit design. Table of Contents About the Author About the Technical Reviewer Introduction Chapter 1: Electrical Current The Main Operation of All Electrical Circuits The Mighty Electron The Charge “C” of an Electron Bohr’s Postulates The Valence Shell The Sea of Free Electrons The Octal Rule The Semiconductor Covalent Bonding The Extrinsic Semiconductor Introducing Some Impurities The Pentavalent Impurity The PN Junction Biasing the PN Junction The NPN Sandwich The PNP Sandwich More Common Semiconductor Devices Current Flow, DC and ac, Voltage, PD, Amp, etc. Current Flow DC PD and Voltage What Is Current Flow The Amp or Ampere Alternating Current (ac) The rms or Root Mean Square Summary Chapter 2: Semiconductor Devices The Diode Forward Biasing the Diode Reverse Biasing The Forward Diode Voltage Drop Rectification Full-Wave Rectification Full-Wave Rectification Using the Bridge Rectifier Designing a Power Supply Unit (PSU) Smoothing The Average Voltage Output of the Half-Wave Rectifier The Turns Ratio for the Transformer Choosing the Value for the Smoothing Capacitor The Zener Diode The Shunt Regulator The Main Principle of Operation The Zener Resistor RZ The Minimum Working Source Voltage Testing the Regulation of the Circuit Summary Chapter 3: More Semiconductor Devices The SCR or Thyristor The One-Pulse Converter The Loading Effect of the SCR Buffering the Phase Shift Circuit Exercise 3.1 Controlling an Inductive Load with an SCR Adding a Flywheel Diode The Average Voltage Across the Load Exercise 3.2 The Average Voltage with RL Load and No Flywheel Diode Exercise 3.3 The Triac The Diac The Operation of the Diac Using the Diac Summary Chapter 4: The NPN and PNP Junctions The NPN Junction The Symbols and Acronyms of a Transistor The Characteristics of a Transistor The Common Base Configuration The Current Characteristics and the Current Gain “Alpha α” Analyzing the Test Results from the Circuit in Figure 4-5 The Output Characteristics Current Characteristics The Common Base Amplifier The Common Base Leakage Current (ICBO) The Gain Terms “Alpha α” and “Beta β” The Common Emitter Configuration The Input Characteristics of the Common Emitter Configuration The Output Characteristics of the Common Emitter Configuration The Common Emitter Amplifier The Current Characteristics of the Common Emitter Configuration The Common Collector Configuration Summary Chapter 5: The Common Emitter Amplifier The Basic Amplifier or Fixed Bias Amplifier The Value of the Load Resistor RL Applying an “ac” Signal Changing the Value of Beta Designing a Class “A” Stabilized Amplifier The Gradient of the Load Line Exercise 5.1 The ac Gain of the Stabilized Class “A” Amplifier The Emitter Resistor RE The Input Capacitor C1 Exercise 5.2 Summary Chapter 6: Further Analysis of the BJT Amplifier An Alternative Approach to Designing a Class A Amplifier Exercise 6.1 The Mid-Frequency ac Model of an Amplifier The Input Resistance of the Transistor Determine the Input Resistance of the Transistor Rb Using the ac Model The Output Resistance The Voltage Gain AV Is the ac Model Valid The (b+1) Parameter The Bandwidth of the BJT Amplifier Circuit The Emitter Bypass Capacitor The Effects of Interstage Loading Exercise 6.2 Exercise 6.3 Moving the Biasing Point Creating a Class B Amplifier The Push-Pull Amplifier The Power Amplifier A Simple Audio Amplifier with a Small Speaker Output Exercise 6.4 Summary Chapter 7: The Field Effect Transistor Introduction The Makeup of the JFET Testing the JFET The Semiconductor Analysis of the JFET The Pinch-Off Voltage Turning On and Off the JFET The Threshold Voltage VT Turning On and Off a P-Channel JFET The MOSFET Turning On the Enhancement-Type MOSFET The Depletion-Type MOSFET The P-Channel MOSFET The MOSFET Amplifier The –3db Point Benchmark The Bypass Capacitor Exercise 7.1 Summary Chapter 8: The Beginnings of the Operational Amplifier The Differential Amplifier The Long-Tailed Pair Adding Noise to the Signal Improving the Gain The Constant Current Source The Current Mirror Exercise 8.1 Summary Chapter 9: The Operational Amplifier The Opamp The Offset Null Inputs The Unity Gain Buffer The Inverting Opamp An Alternative Analysis VX Due to VOUT VX Due to VIN The Complete Expression for VX The Expression for the Voltage Gain The Input Impedance of the Inverting Opamp Designing an Inverting Opamp Exercise 9.1 The Non-inverting Opamp The Input Impedance of the Non-inverting Opamp Exercise 9.2 The Operations of the Operational Amplifier The Summing Opamp Exercise 9.3 The Differential Amplifier Exercise 9.4 A Useful Application of the Differential Amplifier Exercise 9.5 Exercise 9.6 The Integrating Opamp Exercise 9.7 A Sawtooth Generator Exercise 9.8 The ac Voltage Gain of the Integrator Circuit The Differentiator Opamp The Gain of the Differentiating Opamp The Instability of the Differentiating Opamp The Voltage Comparator Exercise 9.9 The Opamp As a Subtractor Summary Chapter 10: Oscillators Multivibrators The Monostable Laplace Transforms The Output Voltage of Circuit 10.3 The Voltage Across the Capacitor VC The Triggering of the Monostable The Time the Output Is High The Charging of a Capacitor with an Initial Voltage Exercise 10.1 The Bistable Multivibrator Exercise 10.2 The Phase Shift Oscillator The Requirements of the Oscillator Circuit The Phase Shift Oscillator Exercise 10.3 The Wien Bridge Oscillator Exercise 10.4 The Attenuation and Phase Shift of the Feedback Path Exercise 10.5 The Gain of the Opamp Exercise 10.6 The 555 Timer The Pins of the 555 Timer The Timer Used As a Monostable Exercise 10.7 The Basic Astable Creating a 50/50 Duty Cycle Square Wave Exercise 10.8 Summary Chapter 11: Filters Filters and Passive Filters The CR Passive Filters Complex Numbers and Phasor Quantities An Asymptotic Bode Plot The Half Power Point Benchmark and the Frequency of Cutoff Exercise 11.1 The RL Filter Exercise 11.2 Active Filters Exercise 11.3 The First-Order High Pass Filter High-Order Active Filters Exercise 11.4 The Second-Order Filter When f = 5kHz When f = 10kHz Exercise 11.5 The Second-Order Active Filter When f = 5kHz Exercise 11.6 The High Pass Second-Order Active Filter Exercise 11.7 Exercise 11.8 The Butterworth Filter A Third-Order Butterworth Filter Exercise 11.9 Exercise 11.10 Adding More Gain Exercise 11.11 Higher-Order Filters Exercise 11.12 Summary Chapter 12: Using TINA 12 What Is ECAD and TINA 12 Running the Software Creating Our First Test Circuit Connecting Up the Circuit Running the AC Analysis Transient Analysis Using the Oscilloscope Summary