Mass And Heat Transfer: Analysis Of Mass Contactors And Heat Exchangers (cambridge Series In Chemical Engineering)

This text allows instructors to teach a course on heat and mass transfer that will equip students with the pragmatic, applied skills required by the modern chemical industry. This new approach is a combined presentation of heat and mass transfer, maintaining mathematical rigor while keeping mathematical analysis to a minimum. This allows students to develop a strong conceptual understanding, and teaches them how to become proficient in engineering analysis of mass contactors and heat exchangers and the transport theory used as a basis for determining how the critical coefficients depend upon physical properties and fluid motions. Students will first study the engineering analysis and design of equipment important in experiments and for the processing of material at the commercial scale. The second part of the book presents the fundamentals of transport phenomena relevant to these applications. A complete teaching package includes a comprehensive instructor's guide, exercises, design case studies, and project assignments. Cover......Page 1 Half-title......Page 3 Series-title......Page 5 Title......Page 7 Copyright......Page 8 Dedication......Page 9 Contents......Page 11 Preface......Page 15 To the Student......Page 17 Acknowledgments......Page 21 Instructors' and Readers' Guide......Page 23 PART I......Page 31 1 Introduction......Page 33 REFERENCES......Page 49 2 Chemical Reactor Analysis......Page 50 2.1 The Batch Reactor......Page 51 2.1.1 Chemical Equilibrium......Page 55 2.2.1 Rate Expression......Page 56 2.2.2 Approach to Equilibrium......Page 62 2.3 Tank-Type Reactors......Page 63 2.3.2 Semibatch Reactors......Page 64 2.3.3 Continuous Flow......Page 67 2.4 Tubular Reactors......Page 72 2.5 Reactor Energy Balance......Page 77 PROBLEMS......Page 81 3 Heat Exchanger Analysis......Page 85 3.1 Batch Heat Exchangers......Page 86 3.1.1 Level I Analysis......Page 87 3.1.2 Level II Thermal Equilibrium......Page 88 3.2 Rate of Heat Transfer and Determination by Experiment......Page 90 3.2.1 Rate Expression......Page 91 3.2.2 Approach to Equilibrium......Page 95 3.3 Tank-Type Heat Exchangers......Page 97 3.3.2 Semibatch Heat Exchanger......Page 98 3.3.2.1 Mixed–Mixed Fluid Motions......Page 99 3.3.2.2 Mixed–Plug Fluid Motions......Page 102 3.3.3.1 Mixed–Mixed Fluid Motions......Page 104 3.3.3.2 Mixed–Plug Fluid Motions......Page 108 3.4 Tubular Heat Exchangers......Page 109 3.4.1 Cocurrent Flow......Page 111 3.4.2 Countercurrent Flow„Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger......Page 118 3.5 Technically Feasible Heat Exchanger Design......Page 124 3.5.1 Design Procedure......Page 126 REFERENCES......Page 132 PROBLEMS......Page 133 APPENDIX: ENERGY BALANCE......Page 139 Useful Approximations for Mixtures......Page 140 Batch System with......Page 141 Useful Approximations for the Reacting Batch System......Page 142 CSTR with Reaction......Page 143 4 Mass Contactor Analysis......Page 144 Solid–Fluid Systems......Page 145 Liquid–Liquid Systems......Page 146 Liquid–Gas Systems......Page 147 4.1 Batch Mass Contactors......Page 148 4.1.1 Level I Analysis......Page 149 4.1.2 Level II Analysis, Phase Equilibrium......Page 150 Liquid-Gas Systems......Page 151 Liquid-Liquid Systems......Page 152 4.2 Rate of Mass Transfer and Determination by Experiment......Page 155 4.2.1 Rate Expression......Page 157 4.2.2 Approach to Equilibrium......Page 162 4.3 Tank-Type Two-Phase Mass Contactors......Page 164 4.3.1 Batch Mass Contactors......Page 165 4.3.2 Semibatch Mass Contactors......Page 167 4.3.2.1 Mixed–Mixed Fluid Motions......Page 168 4.3.2.2 Mixed–Plug Fluid Motions......Page 169 4.3.3 Continuous-Flow Two-Phase Mass Contactors......Page 173 4.3.3.1 Mixed–Mixed Fluid Motions......Page 174 4.3.3.2 Design of a Continuous Mixed–Mixed Mass Contactor......Page 176 4.3.3.3 Mixed–Plug Fluid Motions......Page 183 4.4 Tubular Two-Phase Mass Contactors......Page 186 4.4.1 Cocurrent Flow......Page 188 4.4.2 Countercurrent Flow......Page 189 4.4.3 Gas-Liquid Countercurrent Contactors......Page 194 4.5 Continuous-Flow Mass Contactor Design Summary......Page 198 PROBLEMS......Page 205 APPENDIX A: ‘‘LOG-MEAN” CONCENTRATION DIFFERENCE......Page 208 APPENDIX B: EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER MODEL EQUATIONS......Page 210 Greek......Page 211 Superscripts......Page 212 PART II......Page 213 5.1.1 Experimental Determination of Thermal Conductivity k and Verification of Fourier's Constitutive Equation......Page 217 Constant-Temperature Boundary Conditions......Page 222 Flux Boundary Condition......Page 223 A Mixed Boundary Condition......Page 224 5.1.2 Definition of the Biot Number for Heat Transfer......Page 225 5.1.3 Definition of the Nusselt Number......Page 229 5.2.1 Experimental Determination of Binary Diffusivities DAB and Verification of Fick's Constitutive Equation......Page 231 5.2.2 Definition of the Biot Number for Mass Transfer......Page 236 5.2.3 Definition of the Sherwood Number......Page 238 5.3.1 One-Dimensional Heat Conduction in Nonplanar Geometries......Page 239 5.3.2 One-Dimensional Diffusion in a Conical Geometry......Page 241 5.4.1 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient for Composite Walls: Resistance Formulation......Page 242 One-Dimensional Heat Conduction with Convection......Page 245 5.4.2 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient for a Tubular Exchanger......Page 247 5.4.3 Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient for Diffusion Through a Composite Wall......Page 250 5.5.1 Radial Heat Conduction with Generation......Page 252 5.5.2 Diffusion with Chemical Reaction......Page 254 5.6 Diffusion-Induced Convection: The Arnold Cell......Page 255 5.7 Basics of Membrane Diffusion: The Sorption–Diffusion Model......Page 260 5.8 Transient Conduction and Diffusion......Page 261 5.8.1 Short-Time Penetration Solution......Page 263 5.8.2 Small Biot Numbers„Lumped Analysis......Page 265 Nomenclature......Page 266 Superscripts......Page 267 Important Dimensionless Groups......Page 268 REFERENCES......Page 269 PROBLEMS......Page 270 6 Convective Heat and Mass Transfer......Page 276 6.1 The Differential Transport Equations for Fluids with Constant Physical Properties in a Laminar Boundary Layer......Page 277 6.1.1 Mass Conservation—Continuity Equation......Page 278 6.1.2 Momentum Transport—Navier-Stokes Equation......Page 279 6.1.3 Energy Conservation......Page 280 6.1.4 Species Mass Conservation......Page 282 6.2.1 Laminar Boundary Layer......Page 284 6.2.2 Reynolds Transport Analogy......Page 287 6.2.3 Effects of Material Properties: The Chilton-Colburn Analogy......Page 290 6.2.4 Turbulent Boundary Layers......Page 293 6.3 Transport Correlations for Specific Geometries......Page 294 6.4.2 Penetration Theory......Page 303 6.4.3 Surface-Renewal Theory......Page 308 6.4.4 Interphase Mass Transfer......Page 309 6.5.1 Heat Exchangers......Page 311 Tank Type (Mixed–Mixed)......Page 312 6.5.2 Mass Contactors......Page 314 Tubular (Cocurrent and Countercurrent, Plug–Plug)......Page 315 Subscripts......Page 316 PROBLEMS......Page 317 APPENDIX A: DERIVATION OF THE TRANSPORT EQUATIONS......Page 323 Momentum......Page 324 Energy......Page 326 Species Mass......Page 328 APPENDIX B: VECTOR NOTATION......Page 329 7 Estimation of the Mass Transfer Coefficient and Interfacial Area in Fluid-Fluid Mass Contactors......Page 331 7.1 Estimation of Bubble and Drop Size......Page 334 7.2.1 Mixed-Mixed Interfacial Area Estimation......Page 337 7.2.3 Mixed-Plug Area Estimation......Page 339 7.2.4 Mixed-Plug Km Estimation......Page 343 7.3.1 Cocurrent Area Estimation......Page 346 7.3.3 Countercurrent Area Estimation......Page 348 Nomenclature......Page 350 REFERENCES......Page 351 PROBLEMS......Page 352 APPENDIX: BUBBLE AND DROP BREAKAGE......Page 353 8 Technically Feasible Design Case Studies......Page 357 8.1 Technically Feasible Design of a Heat Exchanger......Page 358 8.2 Technically Feasible Design of a Countercurrent Mass Contactor......Page 365 8.3 Analysis of a Pilot-Scale Bioreactor......Page 375 Subscripts......Page 383 PROBLEMS......Page 384 NOTE......Page 391 Index......Page 393 This text allows instructors to teach a course on heat and mass transfer that will equip students with the pragmatic, applied skills required by the chemical industry. This combined presentation of heat and mass transfer allows students to develop a practical understanding, while maintaining mathematical rigour, without extensive mathematical analysis.