Mary Moody Emerson and the Origins of Transcendentalism : A Family History

Mary Moody Emerson has long been a New England legend, the "eccentric Calvinist aunt" of Ralph Waldo Emerson, wearing a death-shroud as her daily garment. This exciting new study, based on the first reading of all her known letters and diaries, reveals a complex human voice and powerful forerunner of American Transcendentalism. From the years of her famous nephew's infancy, in both private and published writings, she celebrated independence, solitude in nature, and inward communion with God. Mary Moody Emerson inherited both resources and constraints from her family, a lineage of Massachusetts ministers who had earlier practiced spiritual awakening and political resistance against England. Cole discovers a previously unexamined Emerson tradition of fervent piety in the ancestors' own writing and Mary's preservation of their memory. She also examines the position of a woman in this patriarchal family. Barred from the pulpit and university by her sex, she also refused marriage to become a reader, writer, and religious seeker. Cole's biography explores this reading and writing as both a woman's vocation and a gift to Ralph Waldo Emerson. Helping to raise her nephews after their father's death, Mary Moody Emerson urged Waldo the college student to seek solitude in nature and become a divine poet. Cole's pioneering study, tracing crucial lines of influence from Mary Emerson's heretofore unknown texts to her nephew's major works, establishes a fresh and vital source for a central American literary tradition. Mary Moody Emerson Has Been Cast By Generations Of Scholars As The Eccentric Aunt Of Ralph Waldo - A Quickly, Deeply Religious Woman Who Though The Cherished Epistolary Partner Of Her Nephew Is Herself Worthy Of No Sustained Critical Attention. This Biography Suggests Otherwise. This Narrative Rethinks Both The Extent Of Mary's Influence On Her Nephew And Mary's Own Historical Standing As Writer, Thinker, Spiritual Seeker, And Self-reliant, Self-creating Woman. Biographer Phyllis Cole, Who Discovered Mary's Almanack In The Emerson Family Papers In 1981, Introduces A Self-taught, Strikingly Independent Woman, A Bold And Philosophically Gifted Writer And Fierce Reader Who Chose Solitude In Nature Over Married Life And Other Conventions.^ Her Thought And Language Honored And Discretely Assimilated By Waldo From Youth Through Old Age, Mary Not Only Connected Waldo To A Rich Ancestral And Cultural Past But She Also Formed The Matrix In Which Waldo Developed His Essential Philosophic And Aesthetic Themes. It Is Through Brilliant Soul-making Conversation Between Aunt And Nephew, Cole Demonstrates, Rather Than Through Typically Cited Sources Such As Boston Unitarianism And English Romanticism, That Ralph Waldo Emerson's Miltonic Mode Of Poetry And Indeed His Transcendentalism Took Root And Shape.^ Sifting Mary's Private And Published Writing, Previously Unexplored Ancestral Texts And Family Lore, New Letters To Waldo In Dialogue With His Long-familiar Letters To Her, And Major And Minor Emersonian Writings, Cole Tells A Captivating Story Of Intellectual And Spiritual Enthusiasm Within A Distinctive Family And Culture, A Story That Begins With The Zealous Generations Preceding Mary's Own And Concludes With Her Death In 1863 At The Age Of 88. Cole's Pioneering Focus On A Life Waldo Deemed Purely Original Unlocks A Variety Of New Perspectives On Late Eighteenth- And Nineteenth-century New England Life And Thought, And Gives Voice To A Woman With Much To Say But From Whom Till Now So Little Has Been Heard. Phyllis Cole. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 312-359) And Index. Mary Moody Emerson has been cast by generations of scholars as the "eccentric aunt" of Ralph Waldo - a quirky, deeply religious woman who through the cherished epistolary partner of her nephew is herself worthy of no sustained critical attention. This biography suggests otherwise. This narrative rethinks both the extent of Mary's influence on her nephew and Mary's own historical standing as writer, thinker, spiritual seeker, and self-reliant, self-creating woman. Biographer Phyllis Cole, who discovered Mary's "Almanack" in the Emerson family papers in 1981, introduces a self-taught, strikingly independent woman, a bold and philosophically gifted writer and fierce reader who chose solitude in nature over married life and other conventions. Her thought and language honored and discretely assimilated by Waldo from youth through old age, Mary not only connected Waldo to a rich ancestral and cultural past but she also formed the matrix in which Waldo developed his essential philosophic and aesthetic themes. It is through brilliant soul-making conversation between aunt and nephew, Cole demonstrates, rather than through typically cited sources such as Boston Unitarianism and English Romanticism, that Ralph Waldo Emerson's Miltonic mode of poetry and indeed his Transcendentalism took root and shape. Sifting Mary's private and published writing, previously unexplored ancestral texts and family lore, new letters to Waldo in dialogue with his long-familiar letters to her, and major and minor Emersonian writings, Cole tells a captivating story of intellectual and spiritual enthusiasm within a distinctive family and culture, a story that begins with the zealous generations preceding Mary's own and concludes with her death in 1863 at the age of 88. Cole's pioneering focus on a life Waldo deemed "purely original" unlocks a variety of new perspectives on late eighteenth- and nineteenth-century New England life and thought, and gives voice to a woman with much to say but from whom till now so little has been heard Contents......Page 10 Emerson Genealogies......Page 11 Introduction......Page 18 THE FAMILY......Page 28 1. Fathers and Sons of the Awakening......Page 30 2. Mothers and Daughters of the Awakening......Page 54 3. In Arms at the Concord Fight......Page 71 A WOMAN'S LIFE......Page 96 4. Single Woman......Page 98 5. Constance......Page 122 6. Aunt Mary......Page 151 THE MOVEMENT......Page 192 7. Secret Oracles......Page 194 8. God Within Us......Page 225 9. Heresy and Antislavery......Page 251 LAST THINGS......Page 278 10. Vale......Page 280 11. Skeleton Mind......Page 311 Notes......Page 342 B......Page 391 D......Page 392 E......Page 393 G......Page 396 H......Page 397 M......Page 398 R......Page 399 W......Page 400 Z......Page 401 Bulkeley, Waldo, Moody, Bliss: these names, all preserved in the small circle of "M.M.E. and the boys," were a roll call of generations and intermarriages stretching back to the Puritans' Great Migration of the 1630s.