Maritime Issues and Regional Order in the Indo-Pacific (Palgrave Studies in Maritime Politics and Security)

This edited volume examines the political and security issues influencing and shaping the developing maritime order in the Indo Pacific. If focuses specifically on the impact of China's maritime expansion upon the policies and strategies of the regional states as well as the major players. The chapters examine the interaction of these players, paying particular attention to Japan, as the originator of the Indo Pacific idea and promoter of security cooperation and regionalism. It also covers the responses of the ASEAN claimants, Vietnam, Malaysia, the Philippines as well as Indonesia, alongside the key players, India, the US and also the EU. Leszek Buszynski is Honorary Professor at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, The Australian National University, Australia. Do Thanh Hai is Senior Fellow and Assistant Director General at the East Sea Institute at the Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam Acknowledgments The Indo-Pacific Between Strategy and Regional Order Contents Editors and Contributors Acronyms List of Maps 1 A Brittle Status Quo in the South China Sea Moving into a New Phase of Coercion The Growing Reach of the Chinese Coast Guard The Third Force: The Maritime Militia What Lies Ahead References 2 China’s Military Strategy in the South China Introduction China’s Military Strategy: Anti-Access and Area Denial (A2AD) A2AD and the PLA Impact of China’s A2AD Strategy on the South China Sea Neutralizing China’s Militarized Artificial Islands in the South China Sea Impact of A2AD on Japan’s Maritime Strategy Bilateral JMSDF and USN Efforts to Counter China’s Challenge China’s Achilles’ Heel Indispensable Strategic Elements: New Technologies Why Indo-Pacific Region, Not Pacific Ocean or South China Sea? Conclusion References 3 China’s Gray Zone Operations in the South China Sea; Manipulating Weaknesses Introduction White and Gray Hulls—Coastguards and Navies White Hulls as Law Enforcement Entities China, ASEAN, and the South China Sea Sovereign Rights—The Battle for Marine Resources Conclusion References 4 The Philippine Pivot to China: Threat to Stability in the West Philippine Sea Introduction The Arbitral Tribunal’s Ruling What the Philippines Won Duterte’s Pivot to China Chinese Incursions Relations Favor Beijing The Way Forward Impact on ASEAN Conclusion References 5 The South China Sea in Multilateral Forums: Five Case Studies Introduction Case Study 1: 45th ASEAN Ministerial Meeting (July 2012) Case Study 2: Third ADMM-Plus (November 2015) Case Study 3: Special China–ASEAN Foreign Ministers Meeting (June 2016) Case Study 4: Non-Aligned Movement Meeting (April 2018) Case Study 5: 32nd ASEAN Summit (April 2018) China Presses On Conclusion References 6 Blue Solutions to South China Sea Environmental Problems Introduction The Resources of the South China Sea Environmental Issues The Need for “Blue Solutions” Conclusion References 7 Assessing Europe’s Perspectives on the South China Sea Introduction The Evolution of Europe’s Position on the South China Sea, from Neglect to Concern Western Unity—Asian Division The South China Sea Arbitration Europe’s Strategic Interests in and Around the South China Sea Worsening Security Situation in the South China Sea Competing Visions of a Rules-Based Order The EU’s Response European Powers’ Naval Diplomacy in and Around the South China Sea Conclusion References 8 Nexus of the East and South China Seas: A Japanese Perspective Introduction Improvement in Japan–China Relations Current Situation in the East China Sea Japan’s Vision for Maritime Security Pursuing Maritime Security in the South China Sea Conclusion References 9 Misperceptions of China’s East China Sea ADIZ: Technical Flaws and Legal Facts China’s ECS ADIZ Does Not Cover the Territorial Airspace of the Diaoyu Dao Islands There Is No Evidence that China’s ADIZ Rules Apply to Military Aircraft Requiring an Aircraft not Entering Territorial Airspace to Identify Itself—Not Just China Conclusion References 10 The Legal Contest in the East China Sea Introduction Maritime Boundary Dispute in the ECS The ECS and Its Estimated Oil and Gas Reserves Obligations of States in the Overlapping/Undelimited Maritime Areas Obligations of States to Cooperate and Settle Disputes by Peaceful Means Positions of PRC and Japan on Development of Resources in the Undelimited Areas Sino-Japanese Negotiations on the ECS Unilateral Actions Taken by PRC and Japan’s Response: 2017–2019 Positive Developments in PRC–Japan Relations Regarding ECS Issues A Possible Way Out References 11 Historical Continuities, Geopolitical Interests, and Norms in Japan’s Free and Open Indo-Pacific Introduction Japan’s Geopolitical Interests in the Western Pacific and India in History Japan’s China Challenge, Value Diplomacy, and Quadrilateralism The FOIP and Its Limitations Japan’s National Will and Defense Preparation How Will the FOIP Develop? Conclusion References 12 Toward an Improved Understanding of the US Indo-Pacific Strategy Introduction America Defines the Indo-Pacific US Objectives and Strategy in the Indo-Pacific Implementing the US Indo-Pacific Strategy How to Strengthen the US Indo-Pacific Strategy for the Future Conclusion References 13 India and the Indo-Pacific Introduction The Indo-Pacific as a Mental Map Maritime Connectivity and Security Modi’s Understanding of the Indo-Pacific Partners in India’s Indo-Pacific Policy Vietnam Indonesia The Strategic Component of India’s Indo-Pacific The Economic Component of India’s Indo-Pacific Conclusion—The Way Forward References 14 Indonesia and the Indo-Pacific: Cooperation, Interests, and Strategies Introduction: Indonesia in the Indo-Pacific The Global Maritime Fulcrum Indonesia’s Indo-Pacific Concept: Cooperation, Interests, and Strategies Three Key Features Indonesia and Maritime Connectivity Indo-Pacific Cooperation in Regional Forums Indonesia—The United States, Japan, and India Indonesia and China Indonesia and the Pacific and Indian Oceans Conclusion References 15 ASEAN and Its Indo-Pacific Outlook Introduction ASEAN Centrality Anxieties About a Polarized Region ASEAN and Competing Indo-Pacific Visions ASEAN and the Negotiation of the Indo-Pacific Outlook The Leading Role of Indonesia Forging Consensus The Meaning of AOIP in Maritime Security Conclusion References Conclusion: Geographical Connectedness and Conceptual Discrepancy Index