Marine pollution : sources, fate and effects of pollutants in coastal ecosystems {u200B}

__Marine Pollution: Sources, Fate and Effects of Pollutants in Coastal Ecosystems__ bring together the theoretical background on common and emerging marine pollutants and their effects on organisms (ecotoxicology). Written by a renowned expert in the field who is a researcher, teacher and advisor of national and international institutions on issues such as oil spills, water quality assessment and plastic pollution, this book offers a thorough account of the effects of pollutants on marine organisms, the relevant environmental regulations, and the public health implications, along with the biological tools advocated by the international institutions for marine pollution monitoring. __Marine Pollution: Sources, Fate and Effects of Pollutants in Coastal Ecosystems__ presents information in a detailed and didactic manner, reviewing the latest scientific knowledge alongside examples of practical applications. * Provides an in-depth analysis of the uptake, accumulation and fate of pollutants in the marine compartments * Delivers a critical appraisal on biological tools for the practical monitoring of marine pollution * Presents key concepts and case studies to provide a comprehensive study of the different categories of marine pollution and its effects 0 Front-Matter_2018_Marine-Pollution Marine Pollution: Sources, Fate and Effects of Pollutants in Coastal Ecosystems Copyright_2018_Marine-Pollution Copyright Dedication_2018_Marine-Pollution Dedication Foreword_2018_Marine-Pollution Foreword References Acknowledgments_2018_Marine-Pollution Acknowledgments Abbreviations-and-Symbols_2018_Marine-Pollution Abbreviations and Symbols 1 1. Basic Concepts 1.1 Pollution, an Anthropogenic Process 1.2 Classifications of Pollutants According to Origin and Persistence 1.3 Is an Ecosystem Polluted? A First Scientific Answer: Background Concentration and Enrichment Factor 1.4 Pollution Implies a Deleterious Effect: Toxicity Tests and Ecotoxicological Bioassays 1.5 Environmental Quality Criteria and Standards 1.6 Pathways and Distribution of Pollutants in Coastal Ecosystems Key Ideas Endnotes Suggested Further Reading 2 2. Nonpersistent Organic Pollution 2.1 The Carbon Cycle and the Balance of Oxygen in Aquatic Environments; Hypoxia 2.2 Natural and Anthropogenic Sources of Organic Matter in the Water 2.3 Estimates of Organic Matter in Effluents and Receiving Waters: Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) ... 2.4 Ecological Effects of Hypoxia and Anoxia Key Ideas Endnotes Suggested Further Reading 3 3. Nonpersistent Inorganic Pollution 3.1 Natural and Anthropogenic Sources of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in the Water 3.2 Eutrophication and Hypereutrophication 3.3 Prevention and Abatement of Hypereutrophication 3.4 Domestic Detergents Key Ideas Endnotes Suggested Further Reading 4 4. Microbial Pollution 4.1 Pathogenic Microorganisms Present in Marine Waters 4.2 Microbiological Analysis of Natural Waters; Bathing Water Regulations 4.3 Microbial Safety of Shellfish and Other Food of Marine Origin Key Ideas Endnotes Suggested Further Reading 5 5. Liquid Wastes: From Self-purification to Waste Water Treatment 5.1 Urban Sewage and Self-purification of Natural Waters 5.2 Conventional Wastewater Treatment: Removal of Particles and Organic Matter 5.3 Removal of Inorganic Nutrients 5.4 Disinfection of Wastewaters Key Ideas Endnotes Suggested Further Reading 6 6. Plastics and Other Solid Wastes 6.1 Solid Waste Management 6.2 Plastics: Characteristics and Types 6.3 Marine Litter: Distribution and Effects 6.4 Microplastics in Marine Ecosystems Key Ideas Endnotes Suggested Further Reading 7 7. Hydrocarbons and Oil Spills 7.1 Sources of Oil in the Sea 7.2 Chemical Composition of Oil; Hydrocarbons 7.3 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 7.4 Weathering of Oil in the Sea 7.5 Oil Spills: Lessons Learned 7.5.1 Mortalities of Seabirds and Mammals 7.5.2 Mortalities on Benthic Organisms 7.5.3 Unbalances in Community Structure Key Ideas Endnotes Suggested Further Reading 8 8. Persistent Organic Xenobiotics 8.1 Organochlorine Pesticides, Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Dioxins 8.2 Polybrominated Compounds 8.3 Household Chemicals: Plastic Additives, Cleaners, Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products Key Ideas Endnotes Suggested Further Reading 9 9. Trace Metals and Organometallic Compounds 9.1 Metals of Most Environmental Concern 9.2 Essential Versus Xenobiotic Trace Elements 9.3 Sources and Distribution of Trace Metals in the Sea 9.4 Copper and Zinc 9.5 Lead 9.6 Cadmium 9.7 Mercury and Methylmercury 9.8 Tributyltin (TBT) Key Ideas Endnotes Suggested Further Reading 10 10. Distribution of Pollutants in the Marine Environment 10.1 Modeling the Distribution of Pollutants in Marine Ecosystems 10.2 Partition Equilibrium or Fugacity Models 10.3 Environmental Degradation Versus Persistence 10.3.1 Photodegradation 10.3.2 Hydrolysis 10.3.3 Redox Reactions 10.3.4 Biological Degradation 10.4 Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability Key Ideas Endnotes Suggested Further Reading 11 11. Bioaccumulation 11.1 Uptake and Fate of Toxic Pollutants in the Organisms: Toxicokinetics 11.2 Modeling Bioaccumulation and Calculating Bioconcentration Factors, I. Kinetic Models 11.3 Modeling Bioaccumulation and Calculating Bioconcentration Factors, II. Partition Equilibrium Models 11.4 Trophic Transfer of Pollutants; Biomagnification Key Ideas Endnotes Suggested Further Reading 12 12. Biotransformation 12.1 Metabolic Transformation and Elimination of Pollutants 12.2 Phases of the Enzymatic Biotransformation 12.3 Phase I: Cytochrome P450 Dependent Oxidations 12.4 Phase II: Conjugation With Glutathione or Glucuronic Acid 12.5 Oxidative Stress Metabolism 12.6 Metallothioneins and Stress Proteins Key Ideas Endnotes Suggested Further Reading 13 13. Theory and Practice of Toxicology: Toxicity Testing 13.1 Basic Principles of Toxicology 13.2 Testing Aquatic Toxicity; Concentration:Response Curves, Median Effective Concentration and Toxicity Threshold 13.3 Log-Normal Distribution of Individual Susceptibility; Probit Analysis and Other Concentration: Response Models 13.4 Biotic and Abiotic Factors Affecting Toxicity 13.4.1 Size 13.4.2 Sex 13.4.3 Life Stage 13.4.4 Temperature 13.4.5 Salinity and pH 13.4.6 Organic Matter 13.4.7 Interactions With Other Chemicals: Mixture Toxicity Key Ideas Endnotes Suggested Further Reading 14 14. Sublethal Toxicity at the Level of Organism 14.1 Energy Costs of Detoxification and Repair 14.2 Effects on Physiological Energetics, Growth, and Development 14.3 Effects on Reproduction; Endocrine Disruption 14.4 Behavioral Effects With Implications on Biological Fitness Key Ideas Endnotes Suggested Further Reading 15 15. Effects of Pollution on Populations, Communities, and Ecosystems 15.1 Changes in the Presence and Abundance of a Population: The Concept of Indicator Species 15.2 Changes in Community Structure; Diversity Indices and Species: Abundance Curves 15.3 Effects of Pollution at Ecosystem Level Key Ideas Endnotes Suggested Further Reading 16 16. Biological Tools for Monitoring: Biomarkers and Bioassays 16.1 Using Native Organisms: Biomarkers of Exposure and Effects 16.2 Enzymatic Biomarkers: Ethoxyresosufin-O-Deethylase, Glutathione Transferases, Acetylcholinesterase 16.3 Lysosomal Stability 16.4 Genotoxicity Biomarkers: DNA Adducts, Micronucleus, Comet Assay 16.5 Imposex in Female Gastropods and Vitellogenin in Male Fish 16.6 Using Laboratory Organisms: Ecotoxicological Bioassays 16.7 Liquid Phase Bioassays 16.7.1 Vibrio fischeri Bioluminiscence 16.7.2 Microalgae Growth Inhibition 16.7.3 Bivalve Embryogenesis 16.7.4 Sea-Urchin Embryo Test (SET) 16.7.5 Copepod Survival 16.8 Solid Phase Bioassays 16.8.1 Amphipod Survival 16.8.2 Clam Reburial Key Ideas Endnotes Suggested Further Reading 17 17. Marine Pollution Monitoring Programs 17.1 Integrated Assessment of Pollution Status; Chemical and Biological Tools 17.2 Goals, Design, and Management Implications of Marine Monitoring Programs 17.3 Marine Mussels, the Universal Biomonitors of Pollution 17.4 Case Studies of National and International Monitoring Programs: US Mussel Watch, France RNO/ROCCH, OSPAR CEMP Key Ideas Endnotes Suggested Further Reading 18 18. Pollution Control: Focus on Emissions 18.1 Identification of Priority Pollutants 18.2 The Rationale of Ecological Risk Assessment 18.2.1 Hazard Identification 18.2.2 Analysis 18.2.2.1 Exposure Assessment 18.2.2.2 Toxicity Assessment 18.2.3 Risk Characterization 18.2.4 Risk Management 18.3 Regulations for Single Chemicals: The REACH Paradigm 18.4 Regulations for Complex Effluents and Depuration of Waste Waters 18.5 Regulations for the Prevention of Oil Spills Key Ideas Endnotes Suggested Further Reading 19 19. Pollution Control: Focus on Receiving Waters 19.1 Management of Receiving Waters under the Ecosystem Approach 19.2 European Regulations for the Protection of Aquatic Ecosystems: The Water Framework Directive and the Marine Strategy Framew ... 19.3 Toward Simple, Objective, and Universal Tools to Classify Ecological Status 19.4 Toward Ecologically Meaningful Environmental Quality Standards Endnotes Suggested Further Reading 199 Glossary 19999 Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z "Marine Pollution: Sources, Fate and Effects of Pollutants in Coastal Ecosystems bring together the theoretical background on common and emerging marine pollutants and their effects on organisms (ecotoxicology). Written by a renowned expert in the field who is a researcher, teacher and advisor of national and international institutions on issues such as oil spills, water quality assessment and plastic pollution, this book offers a thorough account of the effects of pollutants on marine organisms, the relevant environmental regulations, and the public health implications, along with the biological tools advocated by the international institutions for marine pollution monitoring. Marine Pollution: Sources, Fate and Effects of Pollutants in Coastal Ecosystems presents information in a detailed and didactic manner, reviewing the latest scientific knowledge alongside examples of practical applications." -- Provided by publisher