Marine organisms - a solution to environmental pollution? : uses in bioremediation and in biorefinery

Marine environments represent an underexplored source for numerous biotechnological applications. Of particular interest are organisms that can provide various valuable molecules and are potential candidates for bioremediation strategies. Fungi, algae, bacteria, yeasts, and sponges are some unique resources in marine ecosystems. But these must be preserved and protected from irreversible damage. Sustainable exploitation through farming systems is the alternative to prevent pressure on harvesting wild marine organisms. Written by an international team of experts, this book provides a broad overview of the possible approaches and technologies that can be applied in bioremediation processes and the possibilities to add value to the biomass produced. It provides a comprehensive state-of-the-art of current research and practice in bioremediation technology and bio-based materials. New processing technologies, and recent technical advances in molecular biology such as gene mining, omics techniques, and metabolic engineering are highlighted. The exciting possibilities that artificial intelligence can bring to the future of the biotechnology industry are also approached. The multidisciplinary nature of this book makes it of interest to a wide range of readers, including researchers, students, consulting professionals, engineers, governmental entities, and institutions working in environmental biotechnology, pollution control and prevention, and chemical processes. Foreword Contents Chapter 1: Introduction: Environmental Pollution and Biotechnological Solutions References Chapter 2: Bioremediation Using Microalgae and Cyanobacteria and Biomass Valorisation 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Brief History 2.3 Microalgae Bioremediation: An Effective Approach Towards Environment Restoration 2.3.1 Application of Microalgae in CO2 Mitigation 2.3.2 Application of Microalgae in Wastewater Treatment 2.4 Microalgae Biomass: Valorisation within a Biorefinery Concept 2.4.1 Upstream Production Systems 2.4.1.1 Open Systems 2.4.1.2 Closed Systems 2.4.2 Downstream Processing 2.4.2.1 Production of High-Value Products and Applications 2.5 Legislation Framework and Regulations/Policy and Legal Framework References Chapter 3: Removal of Heavy Metals and Organic Pollutants by Marine Microalgae 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Marine Microalgae-An Overview 3.3 Pollution in the Marine Environment-Sources of Heavy Metals and Organics 3.4 Removal of Heavy Metals and Organic Pollutants by Marine Microalgae 3.4.1 Removal of Heavy Metals by Marine Microalgae 3.4.1.1 Biosorption of Metals 3.4.1.2 Factors Influencing Biosorption of Heavy Metals Biotic Factors Abiotic Factors 3.4.1.3 Desorption of Heavy Metals and Biomass Regeneration 3.4.1.4 Heavy Metal Detoxification by Marine Microalgae 3.4.2 Removal of Organic Pollutants by Marine Microalgae 3.4.2.1 Pesticides 3.4.2.2 Hydrocarbons 3.4.2.3 Other Organic Compounds 3.5 Conclusions References Chapter 4: Algal-Bacterial Consortiums, from Fundamental Interactions to Environmental Applications 4.1 Microalgae Biomass Culture 4.2 Evolution of Microalgae and Bacteria 4.3 Ecological Interactions Between Organisms 4.4 Environmental Applications of the Microalgae-Bacteria Consortia 4.5 Communities in the Phycosphere 4.6 Conclusions References Chapter 5: Biodegradation of Environmental Pollutants by Marine Yeasts 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Biodegradation of Organic Pollutants by Yeast 5.3 Yeast Enzymes Implications in the Biodegradation of Synthetic Dyes 5.4 Factors Controlling Mycoremediation Performance 5.5 Conclusions References Chapter 6: Sustainable Direct Digital Manufacturing Using Marine Resources 6.1 The Use of Fish Waste as 3D Printed Biomaterials 6.1.1 Biomaterials from Fish Waste 6.1.1.1 Calcium Carbonate 6.1.1.2 Chitin and its Derivatives 6.1.1.3 Collagen and Gelatin 6.2 Direct Digital Manufacturing: General Overview 6.2.1 DDM for Biopolymers Production 6.2.1.1 Fused Filament Fabrication 6.2.1.2 Direct-Ink Writing 6.2.1.3 Inkjet 3D Printing 6.2.1.4 Stereolithography 6.3 Current Challenges and Future Perspectives References Chapter 7: Exploiting Marine Fungi in the Removal of Hazardous Pollutants and Biomass Valorisation 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Hydrocarbon Degradation by Marine Fungi 7.2.1 Degradation Process of Alkane 7.2.2 Degradation Process of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 7.3 Heavy Metal Removal by Marine Fungi 7.3.1 Mechanisms of Mycoremediation for the Removal of Heavy Metals 7.3.1.1 Mobilization of Metals 7.3.1.2 Biosorption to Cell Wall 7.3.1.3 Metal Uptake and Translocation through Cell Membrane 7.3.1.4 Intracellular Metal Immobilization 7.3.1.5 Metal Transformations 7.4 Dye Degradation 7.4.1 Types of Toxic Dyes 7.4.2 Dye Decolorization and Degradation by Marine Fungi 7.5 Biomass Valorization 7.6 Conclusions and Future Prospectives References Chapter 8: Marine Bacteria for Bioremediation 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Bioremediation 8.3 Bioremediation Techniques 8.3.1 In Situ Bioremediation 8.3.1.1 Bioattenuation 8.3.1.2 Bioventing 8.3.1.3 Bioaugmentation 8.3.1.4 Biostimulation 8.3.1.5 Biosparging 8.3.1.6 Bioslurping 8.3.1.7 Biofilters 8.3.1.8 Bioleaching and Biomining 8.3.1.9 Phytoremediation 8.3.1.10 Mycoremediation 8.3.2 Ex Situ Bioremediation 8.3.2.1 Landfarming 8.3.2.2 Composting 8.3.2.3 Biopiles or Windrows 8.3.2.4 Bioreactors 8.4 Importance of Bacteria for Bioremediation 8.4.1 Removal of Heavy Metals 8.4.2 Biodegradation of Polyaromatic and Halogenated Hydrocarbons 8.4.3 Biodegradation of Petroleum and Diesel 8.4.4 Biodegradation of Plastics 8.5 Potential of Marine Bacteria for Bioremediation 8.6 Engineering Bacteria for Bioremediation 8.7 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 9: Marine Bacteria for Biofertilizers 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Marine Organisms as Biofertilizer 9.2 Literature Review 9.3 Understanding the Mechanisms of Nutrient Uptake 9.3.1 Nitrogen Fixation by the Bacteria 9.3.2 Phosphorus: Solubilization and Mineralization by the Bacteria 9.3.3 Potassium: Solubilization by the Bacteria 9.3.4 Oxidation of Sulfur by Bacteria 9.3.5 Micronutrients Solubilization by Bacteria 9.4 Regulations 9.5 Limitations 9.6 Future Outlook 9.7 Conclusion References Chapter 10: Marine Sponges for Bioremediation Purposes and for Secondary Metabolites Production 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Potential and Contribution of Marine Sponges in Environmental Bioremediation 10.3 Search for Potential Sponges for Bioremediation Functions in Polluted Environments 10.4 Development of the Function of Symbiotic Sponge Bacteria Through Heavy Metal Bio-Adsorption Method References Chapter 11: Genetic Modification: A Gateway to Stimulate the Industrial Production of Biofuels 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Biofuels Basic Definition 11.1.2 Why the Need for Biofuel? 11.1.2.1 Bioethanol 11.1.2.2 Biodiesel 11.2 Biofuel from Different Sources 11.2.1 Biofuels from Lignocellulose Biomass 11.2.1.1 The Cellulosic Ethanol Production Process 11.2.1.2 Factors Affecting the Production from Lignocellulose Biomass 11.2.2 Biofuels from Enzymes 11.2.2.1 Cellulases 11.2.2.2 Factors Affecting the Production from Cellulases 11.2.3 Induction of Cellulase Expression 11.3 Literature Review 11.3.1 Fungus as the Source 11.3.2 Algae as the Source 11.4 Genetic Gateway to Obtain Biofuels 11.4.1 Principle 11.4.2 Some Examples from the Previous Studies 11.5 Strategies for Genetic Modification of Microorganisms 11.6 Regulations for Genetically Modifying Plants and Microbes for Biofuel Production 11.7 Future Outlook 11.7.1 Artificial Intelligence Can Help in Genetic Modification of Biofuels 11.7.2 Machine Learning in Action 11.7.3 Deep Learning Methods References Chapter 12: ``Omics ́ ́ Technologies in Biodegradation Processes 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Omics Approaches for Monitoring Biodegradation Processes 12.3 Conclusion References Chapter 13: Conclusion: Environmental Protection-Our Common Responsibility References