Mapping Geomorphological Environments

Mapping Geomorphological Environments is a highly descriptive textbook providing an excellent introduction to the latest methodologies for mapping geomorphological formations in a variety of different environments. Its holistic approach seeks to provide a meaningful linkage between state of the art techniques for geomorphological mapping, including the latest innovations in geospatial applications, and advances in the understanding of the formation of geomorphological phenomena in a variety of settings and environments. The book includes: - An introduction to the processes which form geomorphological formations and how to map them. - Case studies from a variety of environments with many examples of geomorphological maps. - In-depth descriptions of the latest tools and methodologies such as field sampling, GPS usage, 3–4D mapping, GIS analysis, digital image analysis, etc. - A list of the geomorphological characteristics per environment (e.g. coastal, fluvial, etc.) in the format of a geomorphological encyclopaedia, with pictures, maps and symbols. It covers the entire workflow ranging from data collection, analysis, interpretation, and mapping. Acknowledgements All authors would like to acknowledge the contribution of Dr. John W.M. Peterson, School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK, for corrections and improvement to the English text.. Universit� Telematica Guglielmo Marconi (UTGM) and ENEA acknowledge the collaboration of CUTGANA (Centro Universitario per la Tutela e la Gestione degli Ambienti Naturali e degli Agroecosistemi), Universit� di Catania, for the paper on "The Cyclops Islands". IRMCo acknowledges the use of the Integrated Land and Water Information System (ILWIS), developed by ITC, the Netherlands, for the management and assessment of geographic information in a GIS environment. ILWIS functionality was employed for the paper on "The natural heritage of the Island of Gozo" and the paper on "The geomorphological cave features of Ghar il-Friefet". IPB (Polytechnic Institute of Bragança) wishes to acknowledges all those colleagues, most of them also members of CIMO (Centre for Mountain Research), that contributed to the recently issued Management Plan of Montesinho Natural Park (PNM). Their hidden contribution to the articles concerning PNM is much acknowledged. A word in recognition of his endless and contagious enthusiasm towards Montesinho and to the Mountain domain, spread among us all in the IPB, is due to Professor Dionísio Gonçalves, the first Director, Coordinator and President of PNM, CIMO and IPB, respectively. The authors of the photos inserted in the articles concerning Montesinho are also much acknowledged for their contribution. Springer Table of Contents 6 Foreword 10 introduction 12 methodology-techniques 16 ADVANCES IN GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MAPPING 17 The basics of geomorphological mapping 17 Mapping from 1900 to 2000 18 Geomorphological mapping in the 21[sup(st)] century 23 The value of a geomorphological map in applied geology 55 fluvial environments 60 FLUVIAL PROCESSES 61 Rivers, water streams and fluvial processes 61 Base level 65 Geomorphological development of valley systems 65 Transfered material deposits by waterstreams 66 Fluvial geomorphological cycle 68 Erosion cycle 69 Terraces 70 Disruption of the erosion cycle – Rejuvenation stage 71 MAIN FLUVIAL LANDFORMS 73 coastal environments 80 COASTAL PROCESSES 81 Sea water as factor of the coastline formation 81 Retreat - Coastal Erosion 81 Waves 82 Coastal currents 83 Sources of coastal sediments - Balance of the coastal zone sediments 85 Coastal sediments balance 86 Sea level changes 87 Classification of coasts 89 Coastal lagoon systems 93 Evolution of estuary systems 95 Internal Circulation - Hydrodynamics 95 Coastal sediments 96 MAIN COASTAL LANDFORMS 97 lacustrine environments 110 LACUSTRINE PROCESSES 111 Lakes-Introduction 111 History of the existence of lakes 111 Classification of lakes 112 Lake water: Compostion, Movements and Properties 115 Sedimentation in lake environments 117 MAIN LACUSTRINE LANDFORMS 119 glacial environments 122 GLACIAL PROCESSES 123 Creation and expansion of glaciers 123 Glacial weathering and erosion 124 Glacial deposits 126 Periglacial areas 129 Glacial and Eustatic processes 129 Expansion of glaciers during the Quaternary 131 Modern glaciers 134 MAIN GLACIAL LANDFORMS 135 karstic environments 146 KARSTIC PROCESSES 147 Karst - Introduction 147 Dissolution of limestones 148 Karstic geomorphology 150 Forms of dissolution 152 Karstic evolution cycle 153 MAIN KARSTIC LANDFORMS 155 volcanic environments 162 VOLCANIC PROCESSES 163 Volcanism 163 Types of volcanic explosions 164 MAIN VOLCANIC LANDFORMS 169 aeolian environments 176 AEOLIAN PROCESSES 177 Aeolian transport and deposition 177 Sand and wind interaction 178 MAIN AEOLIAN LANDFORMS 181 surface landforms 186 topography, lithology and tectonics 196 TOPOGRAPHY 197 SEDIMENTARY FORMATIONS 199 METAMORPHIC ROCKS 202 TECTONICS 203 geomorphological mapping (case studies) 208 Case study 1: Geomorphological study of Oinois river (North Attica-Greece) 209 Methodology 210 Geomorphological mapping 210 Geomorphology of the coastal alluvial fan 211 Geomorphological characteristics of the coastal zone 212 Human activities in the coastal zone 213 Case study 2: Geomorphological study of Attica basin (Greece) 214 The Athens plain 216 Case study 3: Geomorphological study of Paros Island (Greece) 217 Case study 4: Geomorphological study of Southern Attica (Greece) 220 Geology 221 Tectonics 224 Climatic conditions 224 Relations between relief, climate and hydrography 225 Conclusions 227 REFERENCES 238 ISBN-13:,9783642019494 Mapping Geomorphological Environments is a highly descriptive textbook providing an excellent introduction to the latest methodologies for mapping geomorphological formations in a variety of different environments. Its holistic approach seeks to provide a meaningful linkage between state of the art techniques for geomorphological mapping, including the latest innovations in geospatial applications, and advances in the understanding of the formation of geomorphological phenomena in a variety of settings and environments. The book includes: - An introduction to the processes which form geomorphological formations and how to map them. - Case studies from a variety of environments with many examples of geomorphological maps. - In-depth descriptions of the latest tools and methodologies such as field sampling, GPS usage, 3-4D mapping, GIS analysis, digital image analysis, etc. - A list of the geomorphological characteristics per environment (e.g. coastal, fluvial, etc.) in the format of a geomorphological encyclopaedia, with pictures, maps and symbols. It covers the entire workflow ranging from data collection, analysis, interpretation, and mapping. Acknowledgements All authors would like to acknowledge the contribution of Dr. John W.M. Peterson, School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK, for corrections and improvement to the English text. Università Telematica Guglielmo Marconi (UTGM) and ENEA acknowledge the collaboration of CUTGANA (Centro Universitario per la Tutela e la Gestione degli Ambienti Naturali e degli Agroecosistemi), Università di Catania, for the paper on "The Cyclops Islands". IRMCo acknowledges the use of the Integrated Land and Water Information System (ILWIS), developed by ITC, the Netherlands, for the management and assessment of geographic information in a GIS environment. ILWIS functionality was employed for the paper on "The natural heritage of the Island of Gozo" and the paper on "The geomorphological cave features of Ghar il-Friefet". IPB (Polytechnic Institute of Bragança) wishes to acknowledges all those colleagues, most of them also members of CIMO (Centre for Mountain Research), that contributed to the recently issued Management Plan of Montesinho Natural Park (PNM). Their hidden contribution to the articles concerning PNM is much acknowledged. A word in recognition of his endless and contagious enthusiasm towards Montesinho and to the Mountain domain, spread among us all in the IPB, is due to Professor Dionísio Gonçalves, the first Director, Coordinator and President of PNM, CIMO and IPB, respectively. The authors of the photos inserted in the articles concerning Montesinho are also much acknowledged for their contribution Annotation Mapping Geomorphological Environments is a highly descriptive textbook providing an excellent introduction to the latest methodologies for mapping geomorphological formations in a variety of different environments. Its holistic approach seeks to provide a meaningful linkage between state of the art techniques for geomorphological mapping, including the latest innovations in geospatial applications, and advances in the understanding of the formation of geomorphological phenomena in a variety of settings and environments. The book includes: - An introduction to the processes which form geomorphological formations and how to map them. - Case studies from a variety of environments with many examples of geomorphological maps. - In-depth descriptions of the latest tools and methodologies such as field sampling, GPS usage, 3€“4D mapping, GIS analysis, digital image analysis, etc. - A list of the geomorphological characteristics per environment (e.g. coastal, fluvial, etc.) in the format of a geomorphological encyclopaedia, with pictures, maps and symbols. It covers the entire workflow ranging from data collection, analysis, interpretation, and mapping.AcknowledgementsAll authors would like to acknowledge the contribution of Dr. John W.M. Peterson, School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK, for corrections and improvement to the English text..Universit Telematica Guglielmo Marconi (UTGM) and ENEA acknowledge the collaboration of CUTGANA (Centro Universitario per la Tutela e la Gestione degli Ambienti Naturali e degli Agroecosistemi), Universit di Catania, for the paper on "The Cyclops Islands".IRMCo acknowledges the use of the Integrated Land and Water Information System (ILWIS), developed by ITC, the Netherlands, for the management and assessment of geographic information in a GIS environment. ILWIS functionality was employed for the paper on "The natural heritage of the Island of Gozo" and the paper on "The geomorphological cave features of Ghar il-Friefet".IPB (Polytechnic Institute of Bragana) wishes to acknowledges all those colleagues, most of them also members of CIMO (Centre for Mountain Research), that contributed to the recently issued Management Plan of Montesinho Natural Park (PNM). Their hidden contribution to the articles concerning PNM is much acknowledged. A word in recognition of his endless and contagious enthusiasm towards Montesinho and to the Mountain domain, spread among us all in the IPB, is due to Professor Dionsio Gonalves, the first Director, Coordinator and President of PNM, CIMO and IPB, respectively. The authors of the photos inserted in the articles concerning Montesinho are also much acknowledged for their contribution Content: Front Matter....Pages i-xviii Methodology-Techniques....Pages 5-47 Fluvial Environments....Pages 49-68 Coastal Environments....Pages 69-98 Lacustrine Environments....Pages 99-110 Glacial Environments....Pages 111-134 Karstic Environments....Pages 135-150 Volcanic Environments....Pages 151-164 Aeolian Environments....Pages 165-174 Surface Landforms....Pages 175-184 Topography, Lithology and Tectonics....Pages 185-196 Geomorphological Mapping (Case Studies)....Pages 197-225 Back Matter....Pages 227-236