Manual of Clinical Microbiology (9th Edition)

Content: Editorial board -- Contributors -- Preface -- v. 1 -- Section 1 : General issues in clinical microbiology / Volume editor : James H. Jorgensen, section editor : Melvin P. Weinstein -- 1. Introduction to the ninth edition of the Manual of clinical microbiology / Patrick R. Murray -- 2. Laboratory management / W. Michael Dunne, Jr. and Mark T. LaRocco -- 3. Laboratory design / Michael L. Wilson and L. Barth Reller -- 4. Laboratory consultation, communication, and information systems / Joseph M. Campos -- 5. General principles of specimen collection and handling / J. Michael Miller, Karen Krisher, and Harvey T. Holmes -- 6. Procedures for the storage of microorganisms / Cathy A. Petti, Karen C. Carroll, and Larry G. Reimer -- Section 2 : The clinical microbiology laboratory in infection detection, prevention, and control / Volume editor : Michael A. Pfaller, section editor : Loreen A. Herwaldt -- 7. Decontamination, disinfection, and sterilization / Andreas F. Widmer and Reno Frei -- 8. Prevention and control of laboratory-acquired infections / Michael A. Noble -- 9. Laboratory detection of potential agents of bioterrorism / Rosemary Humes and James W. Snyder -- 10. Infection control epidemiology and clinical microbiology / Daniel J. Diekema and Michael A. Pfaller -- 11. Laboratory procedures for the epidemiological analysis of microorganisms / David R. Soll, Claude Pujol, and Shawn R. Lockhart -- 12. Investigation of foodborne and waterborne disease outbreaks / Timothy F. Jones -- Section 3 : Diagnostic technologies in clinical microbiology / volume eidtor : James H. Jorgensen, section editor : Melvin P. Weinstein -- 13. Microscopy / Danny L. Wiedbrauk -- 14. Principles of stains and media / Kimberle C. Chapin -- 15. Manual and automated systems for detection and identification of microorganisms / Karen C. Carroll, and Melvin P. Weinstein -- 16. Molecular detection and identification of microorganisms / Frederick S. Nolte and Angela M. Caliendo -- 17. Susceptibility testing instrumentation and computerized expert systems for data analysis and interpretation / Sandra S. Richter and Mary Jane Ferraro -- 18. Immunoassays for the diagnosis of infectious diseases / A. Betts Carpenter -- Section 4 : Bacteriology / volume editor : Ellen Jo Baron, section deitors : J. Stephen Dumler, Guido Funke, J. Michael Janda, Irving Nachamkin, and James Versalovic -- General -- 19. Taxonomy and classification of bacteria / Peter A.R. Vandamme -- 20. Specimen collection, transport, and processing : bacteriology / Richard B. Thomson, Jr. -- 21. Reagents, stains, and media : bacteriology / Kimberle C. Chapin and Tsai-Ling Lauderdale -- 22. Algorithm for identification of aerobic gram-positive cocci / Kathryn L. Ruoff -- 23. Algorithm for identification of aerobic gram-positive rods / Guido Funke -- 24. Algorithms for identification of aerobic gram-negative bacteria / Paul C. Schreckenberger and David Lindquist -- 25. Algorithm for identification of anaerobic bacteria / Diane M. Citron -- 26. Algorithms for identification of curved and spiral-shaped gram-negative rods / Irving Nachamkin -- 27. Algorithms for identification of mycoplasma, ureaplasma, and obligate intracellular bacteria / J. Stephen Dumler -- Gram-positive cocci -- 28. Staphylococcus, micrococcus, and other catalase-positive cocci / Tammy L. Bannerman and Sharon J. Peacock -- 29. Streptococcus / Barbara Spellerberg adn Claudia Brandt -- 30. Enterococcus / Lúcia Martins Teixeira, Maria da Glória Siqueira Carvalho, and Richard R. Facklam -- 31. Aerococcus, abiotrophia, and other aerobic catalase-negative, gram-positive coci / Kathryn L. Ruoff -- Gram-positive rods -- 32. Bacillus and other aerobic endospore-forming bacteria / Niall A. Logan, Tanja Popovic, and Alex Hoffmaster -- 33. Listeria and erysipelothrix / Jacques Bille -- 34. Coryneform gram-positive rods / Guido Funke and Kathryn A. Bernard -- 35. Nocardia, rhodoccus, gordonia, actinomadura, streptomyces, and other aerobic actinomycetes / Patricia S. Conville and Frank G. Witebsky -- 36. Mycobacterium : general characteristics, laboratory detection, and staining procedures / Gaby E. Pfyffer -- 37. Mycobacterium : laboratory characteristics of slowly growing mycobacteria / Véronique Vincent and M. Cristina Gutiérrez -- 38. Mycobacterium : clinical and laboratory characteristics of rapidly growing mycobacteria / Barbara A. Brown-Elliot and Richard J. Wallace, Jr. -- Gram-negative bacteria -- 39. Neisseria / William M. Janda and Charolotte A. Gaydos -- 40. Actinobacillus, capnocytophaga, eikenella, kingella, pasteurella, and other fastidious or rarely encountered gram-negative rods / Alexander von Graevenitz, Reinhard Zbinden, and Reinier Mutters -- 41. Haemophilus / Mogens Kilian -- 42. Enterobacteriaceae : introduction and identification / J.J. Farmer III, K.D. Boatwright, and J. Michael Janda -- 43. Escherichia, shigella, and salmonella / James P. Nataro, Cheryl A. Bopp, Patricia I. Fields, James B. Kaper, and Nancy A. Strockbine -- 44. Yersinia / Audrey Wanger -- 45. Klebsiella, enterobacter, citrobacter, serratia, pleiomonas, and other enterobacteriaceae / Sharon L. Abbott -- 46. Aeromonas / Amy J. Horneman, Afsar Ali, and Sharon L. Abbott -- 47. Vibrio and related organisms / Sharon L. Abbott, J. Michael Janda, Judith A. Johnson, and J.J. Farmer III -- 48. Pseudomonas / Edith Blondel-Hill, Deborah A. Henry, and David P. Speert -- 49. Bukholderia, stenotrophomonas, ralstonia, cupriavidus, pandoraea, brevundimonas, comamonas, delftia, and acidovorax / John J. LiPuma, Bart J. Currie, Gary D. Lum, and Peter A.R. Vandeamme -- 50. Acinetobacter, achromobacter, chryseobacterium, moraxella, and other nonfermentive gram-negative rods / Paul C. Schreckenberger, Maryam I. Daneshvar, and Dannie G. Hollis -- 51. Bordetella / Michael J. Loeffelholz and Gary N. Sanden -- 52. Francisella and brucella -- 53. Legionella / Paul H. Edelstein -- 54. Bartonella / Bruno B. Chomel and Jean Marc Rolain -- Anaerobic bacteria -- 55. Peptostreptococcus, finegoldia, anaerococcus, peptoniphilus, veillonella, and other anerobic cocci / Yuli Song and Sydney M. Finegold -- 56. Propionibacterium, lactobacillus, actinomyces, and other non-spore-forming anaerobic gram-positive rods / Eija Könönen and William G. Wade -- 57. Clostridium / Eric A. Johnson, Paula Summanen, and Sydney M. Finegold -- 58. Bacterioides, porphyromonas, prevotella, fusobacterium, and other anaerobic gram-negative rods / Diane M. Citron, Ian R. Poxton, and Ellen Jo Baron -- Curved and spiral-shaped gram-negative rods -- 59. Campylobacter and arcobacter / Collette Fitzgerald and Irving Nachamkin -- 60. Helicobacter / James G. Fox and Francis Megraud -- 61. Leptospira / Paul N. Levett -- 62. Borrelia / Bettina Wilske, Barbara J. B. Johnson, and Martin E. Schriefer -- 63. Treponema and other human host-associated spirochetes / Victoria Pope, Steven J. Norris, and Robert E. Johnson -- Mycoplasmas and obligate intracellular bacteria -- 64. Mycoplasma and ureaplasma / Ken B. Waites and David Taylor-Robinson -- 65. Chlamydia and chlamydophila / Andreas Essig -- 66. Rickettsia and orientia / David H. Walker and Donald H. Bouyer -- 67. Ehrlichia, anaplasma, and related intracellular bacteria / Juan P. Olano and Maria E. Aguero-Rosenfeld -- 68. Coxiella / Philippe Brouqui, Thomas Marrie, and Didier Raoult -- 69. Tropheryma / Didier Raoult, Florence Fenollar, and David Relman -- Section 5 : Antibacterial agents and susceptibility test methods / volume editor : James H. Jorgensen, section editors : Mary Jane Ferraro and John D. Turnidge -- 70. Antibacterial agents / Joseph D.C. Yao and Robert C. Moellering, Jr. -- 71. Mechanisms of resistance to antibacterial agents / Louis B. Rice and Robert A. Bonomo -- 72. Susceptibility test methods : general considerations / John D. Turnidge, Mary Jane Ferraro, and James H. Jorgensen -- 73. Susceptibility test methods : dilution and disk diffusion methods / James H. Jorgensen and John D. Turnidge -- 74. Special phenotypic methods for detecting antibacterial resistance / Jana M. Swenson, Jean B. Patel, and James H. Jorgensen -- 75. Susceptibility test methods : fastidious bacteria / Janet Fick Hindler and Jean B. Patel -- 76. Susceptibility test methods : anaerobic bacteria / Diane M. Citron and David W. Hecht -- 77. Susceptibility test methods : mycobacteria, nocardia, and other actinomycetes / Gail L. Woods, Nancy G. Warren, and Clark B. Inderlied -- 78. Detection and characterization of antimicrobial reistance genes in pathogenic bacteria / J. Kamile Rasheed, Franklin Cockerill, and Fred C. Tenover -- v. 2 -- Section 6 : Virology / volume editor : Marie Loiuse Landry, section editors, Angela M. Caliendo, Yi-Wei Tang, and Alexandra Valsamakis -- General -- 79. Taxonomy and classification of viruses / Cornelia Büchen-Osmond -- 80. Specimen collection, transport, and processing : virology / Michael S. Forman and Alexandra Valsamakis -- 81. Reagents, stains, media, and cell lines : virology / Kimberle C. Chapin -- 82. Algorithms for detection and identification of viruses / Marie Louise Landry, Angela M. Caliendo, Yi-Wei Tang, and Alexandra VAlsamakis -- RNA viruses -- 83. Human immunodeficiency viruses / Brigitte P. Griffith, Sheldon Campbell, and Donald R. Mayo -- 84. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 / Antoine Gessain, Charlene S. Dezzuitt, Elliot P. Cowan, and Renu B. Lal -- 85. Influenza viruses / Robert L. Atmar -- 86. Parainfluenza and mumps viruses / Diane S. Leland -- 87. Respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus / Yi-Wei Tang and James E. Crowe, Jr. -- 88. Measles and rubella viruses / William J. Bellini and Joseph P. Icenogle -- 89. Enteroviruses and parechoviruses / José R. Romero -- 90. Rhinoviruses / Marie Louise Landry -- 91. Coronaviruses / James B. Mahony -- 92. Hepatitis A and E viruses / David A. Anderson -- 93. Heptatitis C and G viruses / John D. Scott and David R. Gretch -- 94. Rotaviruses, caliciviruses, astrofiruses, enteric adenoviruses, and other diarrheic viruses / Tibor Farkas and Xi Jiang -- 95. Rabies virus / Lillian A. Orciari and Charles E. Rupprecht -- 96. Hendra and nipah viruses / Pierre E. Rollin, Paul Rota, Sherif Zaki, and Thomas G. Ksiazek -- 97. Arboviruses / Robert S. Lanciotti and Theodore F. Tsai -- 98. Hantaviruses / Charles F. Fulhorst and Michael D. Bowen -- 99. Arenaviruses and filoviruses / Pierre E. Rollin, Stuart T. Nichol, Sherif Zaki, and Thomas G. Ksiazek -- DNA virsues -- 100. Herpes simplex viruses and herpes B virus / Keith R. Jerome and Rhoda Ashley Morrow -- 101. Varicella-zoster virus / Anne A. Gershon, Jingxian Chen, Philip LaRussa, and Sharon P. Steinberg --- 102. Human cytomegalovirus / Richard L. Hodinka -- 103. Epstein-Barr virus / Annika Linde and Kerstin I. Falk -- 104. Human herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8 / Philip E. Pellett and Graham Tipples -- 105. Adenoviruses / Christine Robinson and Marcela Echavarria -- 106. Human papillomaviruses / Bruce K. Patterson -- 107. Human polyomaviruses / Eugene O. Major, Caroline Ryschkewitsch, Alexandra Valsamakis, and Jean Hou -- 108. Human parvoviruses / Jeanne A. Jordan -- 109. Poxviruses / Inger K. Damon -- 110. Hepatitis B and D viruses / Rebecca T. Horvat and Gary E. Tegtmeier -- Subviral agents -- 111. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies / Adriano Aguzzi and Markus Glatzel -- Section 7 : Antiviral agents and susceptibility test methods / volume editor : James H. Jorgensen, section editor : John D. Turnidge -- 112. Antiviral agents / Nell S. Lurain and Kenneth D. Thompson -- 113. Mechanisms of resistance to antiviral agents / Robert W. Shafer, Shirit Einav, and Sunwen Chou -- 114. Susceptibility test methods : viruses / Max Q. Arens and Ella M. Swierkosz -- Section 8 : Mycology / volume editor, Michael A. Pfaller, section editor : David W. Warnock -- General -- 115. Taxonomy and classification of fungi / David W. Warnock -- 116. Specimen collection, transport, and processing : mycology / Deanna A. Sutton -- 117. Reagents, stains, and media : mycology / Mark T. LaRocco -- 118. Algorithms for detection and identification of fungi / Yvonne R. Shea -- Fungi -- 119. Candida, cryptococcus, and other yeasts of medical importance / Kevin C. Hazen and Susan A. Howell -- 120. Pneumocystis / Melanie T. Cushion -- 121. Aspergillus, fusarium, and other opportunisitc moniliaceous fungi / Paul E. Verweij and Mary E. Brandt -- 122. Rhizopus, rhizomucor, absidia, and other agents of systemic and subcutaneous zygomycoses / Malcolm D. Richardson and Pirkko Koukila-Kähköla -- 123. Histoplasma, blastomyces, coccidioides, and other dimorphic fungi causing systemic mycoses / Mary E. Brandt and David W. Warnock -- 124. Trichophyton, microsporum, epidermophyton, and agents of superficial mycoses / Richard C. Summerbell, Irene Weitzman, and Arvind A. Padhye -- 125. Bipolaris, exophiala, scedosporium, sporothrix, and other dematiaceous / G. Sybren de Hoog and Roxana G. Vitale -- 126. Fungi causing eumycotic mycetoma / G. Sybreen de Hoog, Abdalla O.A. Ahmed, Michael R. McGinnis, and Arvind A. Padhye -- 127. Mycotoxins / William J. Halsall, Nancy C. Isham, and Mahmoud A. Ghannoum -- 128. Lacazia pythium, and rhinosporidium / Leonel Mendoza -- Section 9 : Antifungal agents and susceptibility test methods / voluem editor : James H. Jorgensen, section editor : John D. Turndige -- 129. Antifungal agents / Sevtap Arikan and John H. Rex -- 130. Mechanisms of resistance to antifungal agents / Theodore C. White -- 131. Susceptibility test methods : yeasts and filamentous fungi / Ana V. Espinel-Ingroff and Michael A. Pfaller -- Section 10 : parasitology / volume editor : Michael A. Pfaller, section editor : Lynne S. Garcia -- General -- 132. Taxonomy and classification of human parasites / Francis E.G. Cox -- 133. Specimen collection, transport, and processing : parasitology / Peter Deplazes, Lynne S. Garcia, and Robyn Y. Shimizu -- 134. Reagents, stains, and media : parasitology / Susan E. Sharp -- 135. Algorithms for detection and identification of parasites / Lynne S. Garcia, Robyn Y. Shimizu, and Graeme P. Paltridge -- Parasites -- 136. Plasmodium and babesia / William O. Rogers -- 137. Leishmania and trypanosoma / David A. Bruckner and Jaime A. Labarca -- 138. Toxoplasma / marianna Wilson, Jeffery L. Jones, and James B. McAuley -- 139. Pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amebae / Govinda S. Visvesvara -- 140. Intestinal and urogenital amebae, flagellates, and ciliates / Amy L. Leber and Susan Novak-Weekley -- 141. Isopora, cyclospora, and sarcocystis / David S. Lindsay, Steve J. Upton, and Louis M. Weiss -- 142. Cryptosporidium / Lihua Xiao and Vitaliano Cama -- 143. Microsporidia / Rainer Weber, Alexander Mathis, and Peter Deplazes -- 144. Nematodes / Harsha Sheorey, Beverley-Ann Biggs, and Peter Traynor -- 145. Filarial nematodes / Tess McPherson and Thomas B. Nutman -- 146. Cestodes / Hector H. Garcia, Juan A. Jimenez, and Hermes Escalante -- 147. Trematodes / Malcolm K. Jones and Donald P. McManus -- 148. Less common helminths / Gary W. Procop and Ronald C. Neafie -- 149. Arthropods of medical importance / Sam R. Telford III -- Section 11: Antiparasitic agents and susceptibility test methods / volume editor : James H. Jorgensen, section editor : Mary Jane Ferraro -- 150. Antiparasitic agents / Karin Leder and Peter F. Weller -- 151. Mechanisms of resistance to antiparasitic agents / W. Evan Secor and Phuc Nguyen-Dinh -- 152. Susceptibility test methods : parasites / Phuc Nguyen-Dinh and W. Evan Secor -- Author index -- Subject index. Abstract: This is the 9th edition of the internationally recognized reference volume in the field of clinical microbiology. The revised edition continues as the definitive reference book for the laboratory diagnosis and therapeutic testing of clinically significant bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Read more... Content: Editorial board -- Contributors -- Preface -- v. 1 -- Section 1 : General issues in clinical microbiology / Volume editor : James H. Jorgensen, section editor : Melvin P. Weinstein -- 1. Introduction to the ninth edition of the Manual of clinical microbiology / Patrick R. Murray -- 2. Laboratory management / W. Michael Dunne, Jr. and Mark T. LaRocco -- 3. Laboratory design / Michael L. Wilson and L. Barth Reller -- 4. Laboratory consultation, communication, and information systems / Joseph M. Campos -- 5. General principles of specimen collection and handling / J. Michael Miller, Karen Krisher, and Harvey T. Holmes -- 6. Procedures for the storage of microorganisms / Cathy A. Petti, Karen C. Carroll, and Larry G. Reimer -- Section 2 : The clinical microbiology laboratory in infection detection, prevention, and control / Volume editor : Michael A. Pfaller, section editor : Loreen A. Herwaldt -- 7. Decontamination, disinfection, and sterilization / Andreas F. Widmer and Reno Frei -- 8. Prevention and control of laboratory-acquired infections / Michael A. Noble -- 9. Laboratory detection of potential agents of bioterrorism / Rosemary Humes and James W. Snyder -- 10. Infection control epidemiology and clinical microbiology / Daniel J. Diekema and Michael A. Pfaller -- 11. Laboratory procedures for the epidemiological analysis of microorganisms / David R. Soll, Claude Pujol, and Shawn R. Lockhart -- 12. Investigation of foodborne and waterborne disease outbreaks / Timothy F. Jones -- Section 3 : Diagnostic technologies in clinical microbiology / volume eidtor : James H. Jorgensen, section editor : Melvin P. Weinstein -- 13. Microscopy / Danny L. Wiedbrauk -- 14. Principles of stains and media / Kimberle C. Chapin -- 15. Manual and automated systems for detection and identification of microorganisms / Karen C. Carroll, and Melvin P. Weinstein -- 16. Molecular detection and identification of microorganisms / Frederick S. Nolte and Angela M. Caliendo -- 17. Susceptibility testing instrumentation and computerized expert systems for data analysis and interpretation / Sandra S. Richter and Mary Jane Ferraro -- 18. Immunoassays for the diagnosis of infectious diseases / A. Betts Carpenter -- Section 4 : Bacteriology / volume editor : Ellen Jo Baron, section deitors : J. Stephen Dumler, Guido Funke, J. Michael Janda, Irving Nachamkin, and James Versalovic -- General -- 19. Taxonomy and classification of bacteria / Peter A.R. Vandamme -- 20. Specimen collection, transport, and processing : bacteriology / Richard B. Thomson, Jr. -- 21. Reagents, stains, and media : bacteriology / Kimberle C. Chapin and Tsai-Ling Lauderdale -- 22. Algorithm for identification of aerobic gram-positive cocci / Kathryn L. Ruoff -- 23. Algorithm for identification of aerobic gram-positive rods / Guido Funke -- 24. Algorithms for identification of aerobic gram-negative bacteria / Paul C. Schreckenberger and David Lindquist -- 25. Algorithm for identification of anaerobic bacteria / Diane M. Citron -- 26. Algorithms for identification of curved and spiral-shaped gram-negative rods / Irving Nachamkin -- 27. Algorithms for identification of mycoplasma, ureaplasma, and obligate intracellular bacteria / J. Stephen Dumler -- Gram-positive cocci -- 28. Staphylococcus, micrococcus, and other catalase-positive cocci / Tammy L. Bannerman and Sharon J. Peacock -- 29. Streptococcus / Barbara Spellerberg adn Claudia Brandt -- 30. Enterococcus / Lúcia Martins Teixeira, Maria da Glória Siqueira Carvalho, and Richard R. Facklam -- 31. Aerococcus, abiotrophia, and other aerobic catalase-negative, gram-positive coci / Kathryn L. Ruoff -- Gram-positive rods -- 32. Bacillus and other aerobic endospore-forming bacteria / Niall A. Logan, Tanja Popovic, and Alex Hoffmaster -- 33. Listeria and erysipelothrix / Jacques Bille -- 34. Coryneform gram-positive rods / Guido Funke and Kathryn A. Bernard -- 35. Nocardia, rhodoccus, gordonia, actinomadura, streptomyces, and other aerobic actinomycetes / Patricia S. Conville and Frank G. Witebsky -- 36. Mycobacterium : general characteristics, laboratory detection, and staining procedures / Gaby E. Pfyffer -- 37. Mycobacterium : laboratory characteristics of slowly growing mycobacteria / Véronique Vincent and M. Cristina Gutiérrez -- 38. Mycobacterium : clinical and laboratory characteristics of rapidly growing mycobacteria / Barbara A. Brown-Elliot and Richard J. Wallace, Jr. -- Gram-negative bacteria -- 39. Neisseria / William M. Janda and Charolotte A. Gaydos -- 40. Actinobacillus, capnocytophaga, eikenella, kingella, pasteurella, and other fastidious or rarely encountered gram-negative rods / Alexander von Graevenitz, Reinhard Zbinden, and Reinier Mutters -- 41. Haemophilus / Mogens Kilian -- 42. Enterobacteriaceae : introduction and identification / J.J. Farmer III, K.D. Boatwright, and J. Michael Janda -- 43. Escherichia, shigella, and salmonella / James P. Nataro, Cheryl A. Bopp, Patricia I. Fields, James B. Kaper, and Nancy A. Strockbine -- 44. Yersinia / Audrey Wanger -- 45. Klebsiella, enterobacter, citrobacter, serratia, pleiomonas, and other enterobacteriaceae / Sharon L. Abbott -- 46. Aeromonas / Amy J. Horneman, Afsar Ali, and Sharon L. Abbott -- 47. Vibrio and related organisms / Sharon L. Abbott, J. Michael Janda, Judith A. Johnson, and J.J. Farmer III -- 48. Pseudomonas / Edith Blondel-Hill, Deborah A. Henry, and David P. Speert -- 49. Bukholderia, stenotrophomonas, ralstonia, cupriavidus, pandoraea, brevundimonas, comamonas, delftia, and acidovorax / John J. LiPuma, Bart J. Currie, Gary D. Lum, and Peter A.R. Vandeamme -- 50. Acinetobacter, achromobacter, chryseobacterium, moraxella, and other nonfermentive gram-negative rods / Paul C. Schreckenberger, Maryam I. Daneshvar, and Dannie G. Hollis -- 51. Bordetella / Michael J. Loeffelholz and Gary N. Sanden -- 52. Francisella and brucella -- 53. Legionella / Paul H. Edelstein -- 54. Bartonella / Bruno B. Chomel and Jean Marc Rolain -- Anaerobic bacteria -- 55. Peptostreptococcus, finegoldia, anaerococcus, peptoniphilus, veillonella, and other anerobic cocci / Yuli Song and Sydney M. Finegold -- 56. Propionibacterium, lactobacillus, actinomyces, and other non-spore-forming anaerobic gram-positive rods / Eija Könönen and William G. Wade -- 57. Clostridium / Eric A. Johnson, Paula Summanen, and Sydney M. Finegold -- 58. Bacterioides, porphyromonas, prevotella, fusobacterium, and other anaerobic gram-negative rods / Diane M. Citron, Ian R. Poxton, and Ellen Jo Baron -- Curved and spiral-shaped gram-negative rods -- 59. Campylobacter and arcobacter / Collette Fitzgerald and Irving Nachamkin -- 60. Helicobacter / James G. Fox and Francis Megraud -- 61. Leptospira / Paul N. Levett -- 62. Borrelia / Bettina Wilske, Barbara J. B. Johnson, and Martin E. Schriefer -- 63. Treponema and other human host-associated spirochetes / Victoria Pope, Steven J. Norris, and Robert E. Johnson -- Mycoplasmas and obligate intracellular bacteria -- 64. Mycoplasma and ureaplasma / Ken B. Waites and David Taylor-Robinson -- 65. Chlamydia and chlamydophila / Andreas Essig -- 66. Rickettsia and orientia / David H. Walker and Donald H. Bouyer -- 67. Ehrlichia, anaplasma, and related intracellular bacteria / Juan P. Olano and Maria E. Aguero-Rosenfeld -- 68. Coxiella / Philippe Brouqui, Thomas Marrie, and Didier Raoult -- 69. Tropheryma / Didier Raoult, Florence Fenollar, and David Relman -- Section 5 : Antibacterial agents and susceptibility test methods / volume editor : James H. Jorgensen, section editors : Mary Jane Ferraro and John D. Turnidge -- 70. Antibacterial agents / Joseph D.C. Yao and Robert C. Moellering, Jr. -- 71. Mechanisms of resistance to antibacterial agents / Louis B. Rice and Robert A. Bonomo -- 72. Susceptibility test methods : general considerations / John D. Turnidge, Mary Jane Ferraro, and James H. Jorgensen -- 73. Susceptibility test methods : dilution and disk diffusion methods / James H. Jorgensen and John D. Turnidge -- 74. Special phenotypic methods for detecting antibacterial resistance / Jana M. Swenson, Jean B. Patel, and James H. Jorgensen -- 75. Susceptibility test methods : fastidious bacteria / Janet Fick Hindler and Jean B. Patel -- 76. Susceptibility test methods : anaerobic bacteria / Diane M. Citron and David W. Hecht -- 77. Susceptibility test methods : mycobacteria, nocardia, and other actinomycetes / Gail L. Woods, Nancy G. Warren, and Clark B. Inderlied -- 78. Detection and characterization of antimicrobial reistance genes in pathogenic bacteria / J. Kamile Rasheed, Franklin Cockerill, and Fred C. Tenover -- v. 2 -- Section 6 : Virology / volume editor : Marie Loiuse Landry, section editors, Angela M. Caliendo, Yi-Wei Tang, and Alexandra Valsamakis -- General -- 79. Taxonomy and classification of viruses / Cornelia Büchen-Osmond -- 80. Specimen collection, transport, and processing : virology / Michael S. Forman and Alexandra Valsamakis -- 81. Reagents, stains, media, and cell lines : virology / Kimberle C. Chapin -- 82. Algorithms for detection and identification of viruses / Marie Louise Landry, Angela M. Caliendo, Yi-Wei Tang, and Alexandra VAlsamakis -- RNA viruses -- 83. Human immunodeficiency viruses / Brigitte P. Griffith, Sheldon Campbell, and Donald R. Mayo -- 84. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 / Antoine Gessain, Charlene S. Dezzuitt, Elliot P. Cowan, and Renu B. Lal -- 85. Influenza viruses / Robert L. Atmar -- 86. Parainfluenza and mumps viruses / Diane S. Leland -- 87. Respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus / Yi-Wei Tang and James E. Crowe, Jr. -- 88. Measles and rubella viruses / William J. Bellini and Joseph P. Icenogle -- 89. Enteroviruses and parechoviruses / José R. Romero -- 90. Rhinoviruses / Marie Louise Landry -- 91. Coronaviruses / James B. Mahony -- 92. Hepatitis A and E viruses / David A. Anderson -- 93. Heptatitis C and G viruses / John D. Scott and David R. Gretch -- 94. Rotaviruses, caliciviruses, astrofiruses, enteric adenoviruses, and other diarrheic viruses / Tibor Farkas and Xi Jiang -- 95. Rabies virus / Lillian A. Orciari and Charles E. Rupprecht -- 96. Hendra and nipah viruses / Pierre E. Rollin, Paul Rota, Sherif Zaki, and Thomas G. Ksiazek -- 97. Arboviruses / Robert S. Lanciotti and Theodore F. Tsai -- 98. Hantaviruses / Charles F. Fulhorst and Michael D. Bowen -- 99. Arenaviruses and filoviruses / Pierre E. Rollin, Stuart T. Nichol, Sherif Zaki, and Thomas G. Ksiazek -- DNA virsues -- 100. Herpes simplex viruses and herpes B virus / Keith R. Jerome and Rhoda Ashley Morrow -- 101. Varicella-zoster virus / Anne A. Gershon, Jingxian Chen, Philip LaRussa, and Sharon P. Steinberg --- 102. Human cytomegalovirus / Richard L. Hodinka -- 103. Epstein-Barr virus / Annika Linde and Kerstin I. Falk -- 104. Human herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8 / Philip E. Pellett and Graham Tipples -- 105. Adenoviruses / Christine Robinson and Marcela Echavarria -- 106. Human papillomaviruses / Bruce K. Patterson -- 107. Human polyomaviruses / Eugene O. Major, Caroline Ryschkewitsch, Alexandra Valsamakis, and Jean Hou -- 108. Human parvoviruses / Jeanne A. Jordan -- 109. Poxviruses / Inger K. Damon -- 110. Hepatitis B and D viruses / Rebecca T. Horvat and Gary E. Tegtmeier -- Subviral agents -- 111. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies / Adriano Aguzzi and Markus Glatzel -- Section 7 : Antiviral agents and susceptibility test methods / volume editor : James H. Jorgensen, section editor : John D. Turnidge -- 112. Antiviral agents / Nell S. Lurain and Kenneth D. Thompson -- 113. Mechanisms of resistance to antiviral agents / Robert W. Shafer, Shirit Einav, and Sunwen Chou -- 114. Susceptibility test methods : viruses / Max Q. Arens and Ella M. Swierkosz -- Section 8 : Mycology / volume editor, Michael A. Pfaller, section editor : David W. Warnock -- General -- 115. Taxonomy and classification of fungi / David W. Warnock -- 116. Specimen collection, transport, and processing : mycology / Deanna A. Sutton -- 117. Reagents, stains, and media : mycology / Mark T. LaRocco -- 118. Algorithms for detection and identification of fungi / Yvonne R. Shea -- Fungi -- 119. Candida, cryptococcus, and other yeasts of medical importance / Kevin C. Hazen and Susan A. Howell -- 120. Pneumocystis / Melanie T. Cushion -- 121. Aspergillus, fusarium, and other opportunisitc moniliaceous fungi / Paul E. Verweij and Mary E. Brandt -- 122. Rhizopus, rhizomucor, absidia, and other agents of systemic and subcutaneous zygomycoses / Malcolm D. Richardson and Pirkko Koukila-Kähköla -- 123. Histoplasma, blastomyces, coccidioides, and other dimorphic fungi causing systemic mycoses / Mary E. Brandt and David W. Warnock -- 124. Trichophyton, microsporum, epidermophyton, and agents of superficial mycoses / Richard C. Summerbell, Irene Weitzman, and Arvind A. Padhye -- 125. Bipolaris, exophiala, scedosporium, sporothrix, and other dematiaceous / G. Sybren de Hoog and Roxana G. Vitale -- 126. Fungi causing eumycotic mycetoma / G. Sybreen de Hoog, Abdalla O.A. Ahmed, Michael R. McGinnis, and Arvind A. Padhye -- 127. Mycotoxins / William J. Halsall, Nancy C. Isham, and Mahmoud A. Ghannoum -- 128. Lacazia pythium, and rhinosporidium / Leonel Mendoza -- Section 9 : Antifungal agents and susceptibility test methods / voluem editor : James H. Jorgensen, section editor : John D. Turndige -- 129. Antifungal agents / Sevtap Arikan and John H. Rex -- 130. Mechanisms of resistance to antifungal agents / Theodore C. White -- 131. Susceptibility test methods : yeasts and filamentous fungi / Ana V. Espinel-Ingroff and Michael A. Pfaller -- Section 10 : parasitology / volume editor : Michael A. Pfaller, section editor : Lynne S. Garcia -- General -- 132. Taxonomy and classification of human parasites / Francis E.G. Cox -- 133. Specimen collection, transport, and processing : parasitology / Peter Deplazes, Lynne S. Garcia, and Robyn Y. Shimizu -- 134. Reagents, stains, and media : parasitology / Susan E. Sharp -- 135. Algorithms for detection and identification of parasites / Lynne S. Garcia, Robyn Y. Shimizu, and Graeme P. Paltridge -- Parasites -- 136. Plasmodium and babesia / William O. Rogers -- 137. Leishmania and trypanosoma / David A. Bruckner and Jaime A. Labarca -- 138. Toxoplasma / marianna Wilson, Jeffery L. Jones, and James B. McAuley -- 139. Pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amebae / Govinda S. Visvesvara -- 140. Intestinal and urogenital amebae, flagellates, and ciliates / Amy L. Leber and Susan Novak-Weekley -- 141. Isopora, cyclospora, and sarcocystis / David S. Lindsay, Steve J. Upton, and Louis M. Weiss -- 142. Cryptosporidium / Lihua Xiao and Vitaliano Cama -- 143. Microsporidia / Rainer Weber, Alexander Mathis, and Peter Deplazes -- 144. Nematodes / Harsha Sheorey, Beverley-Ann Biggs, and Peter Traynor -- 145. Filarial nematodes / Tess McPherson and Thomas B. Nutman -- 146. Cestodes / Hector H. Garcia, Juan A. Jimenez, and Hermes Escalante -- 147. Trematodes / Malcolm K. Jones and Donald P. McManus -- 148. Less common helminths / Gary W. Procop and Ronald C. Neafie -- 149. Arthropods of medical importance / Sam R. Telford III -- Section 11: Antiparasitic agents and susceptibility test methods / volume editor : James H. Jorgensen, section editor : Mary Jane Ferraro -- 150. Antiparasitic agents / Karin Leder and Peter F. Weller -- 151. Mechanisms of resistance to antiparasitic agents / W. Evan Secor and Phuc Nguyen-Dinh -- 152. Susceptibility test methods : parasites / Phuc Nguyen-Dinh and W. Evan Secor -- Author index -- Subject index. Abstract: This is the 9th edition of the internationally recognized reference volume in the field of clinical microbiology. The revised edition continues as the definitive reference book for the laboratory diagnosis and therapeutic testing of clinically significant bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Read more... Contents 6 Editorial Board 14 Contributors 16 Preface 26 VOLUME 1 28 SECTION I: GENERAL ISSUES IN CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY 28 1 Introduction to the Ninth Edition of the Manual of Clinical Microbiology 30 2 Laboratory Management 31 3 Laboratory Design 47 4 Laboratory Consultation, Communication, and Information Systems 57 5 General Principles of Specimen Collection and Handling 70 6 Procedures for the Storage of Microorganisms 82 SECTION II: THE CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY IN INFECTION DETECTION, PREVENTION, AND CONTROL 90 7 Decontamination, Disinfection, and Sterilization 92 8 Prevention and Control of Laboratory-Acquired Infections 124 9 Laboratory Detection of Potential Agents of Bioterrorism 134 10 Infection Control Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology 145 11 Laboratory Procedures for the Epidemiological Analysis of Microorganisms 156 12 Investigation of Foodborne and Waterborne Disease Outbreaks 179 SECTION III: DIAGNOSTIC TECHNOLOGIES IN CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY 198 13 Microscopy 200 14 Principles of Stains and Media 209 15 Manual and Automated Systems for Detection and Identification of Microorganisms 219 16 Molecular Detection and Identification of Microorganisms 245 17 Susceptibility Testing Instrumentation and Computerized Expert Systems for Data Analysis and Interpretation 272 18 Immunoassays for the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases 284 SECTION IV: BACTERIOLOGY 299 GENERAL 302 19 Taxonomy and Classification of Bacteria 302 20 Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing: Bacteriology 318 21 Reagents, Stains, and Media: Bacteriology 361 22 Algorithm for Identification of Aerobic Gram-Positive Cocci 392 23 Algorithm for Identification of Aerobic Gram-Positive Rods 395 24 Algorithms for Identification of Aerobic Gram-Negative Bacteria 398 25 Algorithm for Identification of Anaerobic Bacteria 404 26 Algorithms for Identification of Curved and Spiral-Shaped Gram-Negative Rods 406 27 Algorithms for Identification of Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, and Obligate Intracellular Bacteria 411 GRAM-POSITIVE COCCI 417 28 Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, and Other Catalase-Positive Cocci 417 29 Streptococcus 439 30 Enterococcus 457 31 Aerococcus, Abiotrophia, and Other Aerobic Catalase-Negative, Gram-Positive Cocci 470 GRAM-POSITIVE RODS 482 32 Bacillus and Other Aerobic Endospore-Forming Bacteria 482 33 Listeria and Erysipelothrix 501 34 Coryneform Gram-Positive Rods 512 35 Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Gordonia, Actinomadura, Streptomyces, and Other Aerobic Actinomycetes 542 36 Mycobacterium: General Characteristics, Laboratory Detection, and Staining Procedures 570 37 Mycobacterium: Laboratory Characteristics of Slowly Growing Mycobacteria 600 38 Mycobacterium: Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria 616 GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA 628 39 Neisseria 628 40 Actinobacillus, Capnocytophaga, Eikenella, Kingella, Pasteurella, and Other Fastidious or Rarely Encountered Gram-Negative Rods 648 41 Haemophilus 663 42 Enterobacteriaceae: Introduction and Identification 676 43 Escherichia, Shigella, and Salmonella 697 44 Yersinia 715 45 Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Serratia, Plesiomonas, and Other Enterobacteriaceae 725 46 Aeromonas 743 47 Vibrio and Related Organisms 750 48 Pseudomonas 761 49 Burkholderia, Stenotrophomonas, Ralstonia, Cupriavidus, Pandoraea, Brevundimonas, Comamonas, Delftia, and Acidovorax 776 50 Acinetobacter, Achromobacter, Chryseobacterium, Moraxella, and Other Nonfermentative Gram-Negative Rods 797 51 Bordetella 830 52 Francisella and Brucella 842 53 Legionella 862 54 Bartonella 877 ANAEROBIC BACTERIA 889 55 Peptostreptococcus, Finegoldia, Anaerococcus, Peptoniphilus, Veillonella, and Other Anaerobic Cocci 889 56 Propionibacterium, Lactobacillus, Actinomyces, and Other Non-Spore-Forming Anaerobic Gram-Positive Rods 899 57 Clostridium 916 58 Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Fusobacterium, and Other Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods 938 CURVED AND SPIRAL-SHAPED GRAM-NEGATIVE RODS 960 59 Campylobacter and Arcobacter 960 60 Helicobacter 974 61 Leptospira 990 62 Borrelia 998 63 Treponema and Other Human Host-Associated Spirochetes 1014 MYCOPLASMAS AND OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR BACTERIA 1031 64 Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma 1031 65 Chlamydia and Chlamydophila 1048 66 Rickettsia and Orientia 1063 67 Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and Related Intracellular Bacteria 1073 68 Coxiella 1089 69 Tropheryma 1097 SECTION V: ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST METHODS 1102 70 Antibacterial Agents 1104 71 Mechanisms of Resistance to Antibacterial Agents 1141 72 Susceptibility Test Methods: General Considerations 1173 73 Susceptibility Test Methods: Dilution and Disk Diffusion Methods 1179 74 Special Phenotypic Methods for Detecting Antibacterial Resistance 1200 75 Susceptibility Test Methods: Fastidious Bacteria 1220 76 Susceptibility Test Methods: Anaerobic Bacteria 1241 77 Susceptibility Test Methods: Mycobacteria, Nocardia, and Other Actinomycetes 1250 78 Detection and Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Pathogenic Bacteria 1275 VOLUME 2 1324 SECTION VI: VIROLOGY 1324 GENERAL 1327 79 Taxonomy and Classification Viruses 1327 80 Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing: Virology 1338 81 Reagents, Stains, Media, and Cell Lines: Virology 1351 82 Algorithms for Detection and Identification of Viruses 1358 RNA VIRUSES 1362 83 Human Immunodeficiency Viruses 1362 84 Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Types 1 and 2 1384 85 Influenza Viruses 1394 86 Parainfluenza and Mumps Viruses 1406 87 Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Metapneumovirus 1415 88 Measles and Rubella Viruses 1432 89 Enteroviruses and Parechoviruses 1446 90 Rhinoviruses 1459 91 Coronaviruses 1468 92 Hepatitis A and E Viruses 1478 93 Hepatitis C and G Viruses 1491 94 Rotaviruses, Caliciviruses, Astroviruses, Enteric Adenoviruses, and Other Diarrheic Viruses 1507 95 Rabies Virus 1524 96 Hendra and Nipah Viruses 1532 97 Arboviruses 1540 98 Hantaviruses 1555 99 Arenaviruses and Filoviruses 1564 DNA VIRUSES 1577 100 Herpes Simplex Viruses and Herpes B Virus 1577 101 Varicella-Zoster Virus 1591 102 Human Cytomegalovirus 1603 103 Epstein-Barr Virus 1618 104 Human Herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8 1628 105 Adenoviruses 1643 106 Human Papillomaviruses 1655 107 Human Polyomaviruses 1666 108 Human Parvoviruses 1676 109 Poxviruses 1685 110 Hepatitis B and D Viruses 1695 SUBVIRAL AGENTS 1714 111 Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies 1714 SECTION VII: ANTIVIRAL AGENTS AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST METHODS 1721 112 Antiviral Agents 1723 113 Mechanisms of Resistance to Antiviral Agents 1743 114 Susceptibility Test Methods: Viruses 1759 SECTION VIII: MYCOLOGY 1773 GENERAL 1775 115 Taxonomy and Classification of Fungi 1775 116 Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing: Mycology 1782 117 Reagents, Stains, and Media: Mycology 1791 118 Algorithms for Detection and Identification of Fungi 1799 FUNGI 1816 119 Candida, Cryptococcus, and Other Yeasts of Medical Importance 1816 120 Pneumocystis 1843 121 Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Other Opportunistic Moniliaceous Fungi 1856 122 Rhizopus, Rhizomucor, Absidia, and Other Agents of Systemic and Subcutaneous Zygomycoses 1893 123 Histoplasma, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, and Other Dimorphic Fungi Causing Systemic Mycoses 1911 124 Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton, and Agents of Superficial Mycoses 1928 125 Bipolaris, Exophiala, Scedosporium, Sporothrix, and Other Dematiaceous Fungi 1952 126 Fungi Causing Eumycotic Mycetoma 1972 127 Mycotoxins 1982 128 Lacazia, Pythium, and Rhinosporidium 1990 SECTION IX: ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST METHODS 2001 129 Antifungal Agents 2003 130 Mechanisms of Resistance to Antifungal Agents 2015 131 Susceptibility Test Methods: Yeasts and Filamentous Fungi 2026 SECTION X: PARASITOLOGY 2041 GENERAL 2043 132 Taxonomy and Classification of Human Parasites 2043 133 Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing: Parasitology 2049 134 Reagents, Stains, and Media: Parasitology 2067 135 Algorithms for Detection and Identification of Parasites 2074 PARASITES 2094 136 Plasmodium and Babesia 2094 137 Leishmania and Trypanosoma 2111 138 Toxoplasma 2124 139 Pathogenic and Opportunistic Free-Living Amebae 2136 140 Intestinal and Urogenital Amebae, Flagellates, and Ciliates 2146 141 Isospora, Cyclospora, and Sarcocystis 2167 142 Cryptosporidium 2176 143 Microsporidia 2187 144 Nematodes 2198 145 Filarial Nematodes 2210 146 Cestodes 2220 147 Trematodes 2229 148 Less Common Helminths 2242 149 Arthropods of Medical Importance 2253 SECTION XI: ANTIPARASITIC AGENTS AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST METHODS 2273 150 Antiparasitic Agents 2275 151 Mechanisms of Resistance to Antiparasitic Agents 2294 152 Susceptibility Test Methods: Parasites 2304 Author Index 2311 A 2311 B 2311 C 2311 D 2311 E 2311 F 2311 G 2311 H 2311 I 2311 J 2311 K 2311 L 2311 M 2312 N 2312 O 2312 P 2312 R 2312 S 2312 T 2312 U 2312 V 2312 W 2312 X 2312 Y 2312 Z 2312 Subject Index 2313 A 2313 B 2321 C 2327 D 2337 E 2340 F 2345 G 2347 H 2350 I 2355 J 2357 K 2357 L 2358 M 2361 N 2368 O 2370 P 2372 Q 2380 R 2380 S 2383 T 2391 U 2395 V 2396 W 2397 X 2398 Y 2398 Z 2399

As the field of clinical microbiology continues to change, the ninth edition of the Manual of Clinical Microbiology has been revised and rewritten to incorporate the most current clinical and laboratory information. In two volumes, 11 sections, and 152 chapters, it offers accessible and authoritative descriptions of important diseases, laboratory diagnosis, and therapeutic testing of all clinically significant bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

New to the ninth edition of the Manual are: one new volume editor and seven new section editors; nearly 4,000 literature citations for works that were published since the previous edition; a completely revised virology section; a companion CD of the illustrations from the book.

Doody Review Services

Reviewer:Donald K Giger, MSc, PhD(Creighton University School of Medicine)
Description:A combination laboratory bench manual and an authoritative reference, this two-volume set continues a tradition of being a staple in the hospital or referral laboratory's library. This edition (previous edition 2003) has been updated with new contributing authors providing current organism names, increased information about molecular testing methods, emerging viral agents, and added information on diagnostic laboratory management.
Purpose:The chapters present detailed overviews of bacterial, viral, protozoan, and fungal organisms, their appearance in both clinical materials and in culture, as well as techniques for isolating, identifying, and, where possible, determining their responses to available antimicrobial agents. For many of the organisms, suggestions as to available diagnostic tests are provided -- including the sensitivity and specificity of test results using several different test methodologies. Of interest to the international community is material pertinent to laboratories outside of the U.S., including vendor information and regulatory standards.
Audience:Many of the chapters are written specifically for laboratorians working at the bench level and for directors of clinical microbiology laboratories. In addition, there is enough clinically-oriented material that infectious disease specialists, infection control committee members, and resident physicians will want to use this as well. The author suggests the importance of this edition to laboratorians, specialists in infectious diseases, and microbiologists, a suitable audience.
Features:These volumes contain numerous excellent photographs and descriptions of images (a CD which includes all of the photographs is available). Some chapters or series of chapters (and their references) would stand alone as comprehensive topic reviews or as thorough backgrounds for further reading. References are numerous and have been expanded since the last edition. There are numerous tables and identification schemes, although some of these may lose their usefulness as some material, such as antibiotic test data, are updated in such consensus documents as the annual CLSI (NCCLS) publications.
Assessment:This manual should be in all clinical microbiology laboratories and in many university, hospital, or clinic libraries used by infectious disease clinicians. Although not all chapters will be referred to with equal frequency, the collection covers all aspects of the rapidly expanding fields within the international discipline of clinical microbiology. Its availability should improve and standardize the diagnosis of microbial diseases.