راهنمای درمان عقلانی-هیجانی

Treating such contemporary design and development issues as identifying customer needs, design for manufacturing, prototyping, and industrial design, Product Design and Development, 3/e, by Ulrich and Eppinger presents in a clear and detailed way a set of product development techniques aimed at bringing together the marketing, design, and manufacturing functions of the enterprise. The integrative methods in the book facilitate problem solving and decision making among people with different disciplinary perspectives, reflecting the current industry trend to perform product design and development in cross-functional teams." Cover 1 Product Design and Development 2 Dedication 4 About the Authors 5 Preface 6 Acknowledgments 8 Brief Contents 10 Contents 11 Chapter 1: Introduction 18 Characteristics of Successful Product Development 19 Who Designs and Develops Products? 20 Duration and Cost of Product Development 22 The Challenges of Product Development 23 Approach of This Book 23 Structured Methods 24 Industrial Examples 24 Organizational Realities 24 Roadmap of the Book 25 References and Bibliography 27 Exercises 27 Thought Question 27 Chapter 2: Product Development Process and Organization 28 The Product Development Process 29 Concept Development: The Front-End Process 33 Adapting the Generic Product Development Process 35 Technology-Push Products 35 Platform Products 37 Process-Intensive Products 37 Customized Products 37 High-Risk Products 38 Quick-Build Products 38 Digital Products 38 Product-Service Systems 39 Complex Systems 39 Product Development Process Flows 39 The Tyco Product Development Process 40 Product Development Organizations 41 Organizations Are Formed by Establishing Links among Individuals 41 Organizational Links May Be Aligned with Functions, Projects, or Both 43 Choosing an Organizational Structure 44 Distributed Product Development Teams 47 The Tyco Product Development Organization 47 Summary 48 References and Bibliography 48 Exercises 50 Thought Questions 50 Chapter 3: Opportunity Identification 52 What Is an Opportunity? 53 Types of Opportunities 53 Tournament Structure of Opportunity Identification 54 Effective Opportunity Tournaments 56 Opportunity Identification Process 58 Step 1: Establish a Charter 58 Step 2: Generate and Sense Many Opportunities 59 Techniques for Generating Opportunities 59 Step 3: Screen Opportunities 65 Step 4: Develop Promising Opportunities 66 Step 5: Select Exceptional Opportunities 66 Step 6: Reflect on the Results and the Process 68 Summary 69 References and Bibliography 69 Exercises 70 Thought Questions 70 Chapter 4: Product Planning 72 The Product Planning Process 74 Four Types of Product Development Projects 75 The Process 75 Step 1: Identify Opportunities 76 Step 2: Evaluate and Prioritize Projects 77 Competitive Strategy 77 Market Segmentation 78 Technological Trajectories 78 Product Platform Planning 80 Technology Roadmapping 81 Evaluating Fundamentally New Product Opportunities 82 Balancing the Portfolio 82 Step 3: Allocate Resources and Plan Timing 84 Resource Allocation 85 Project Timing 86 The Product Plan 86 Step 4: Complete Pre-Project Planning 86 Mission Statements 87 Assumptions and Constraints 88 Staffing and Other Pre-Project Planning Activities 89 Step 5: Reflect on the Results and the Process 89 Summary 90 References and Bibliography 90 Exercises 92 Thought Questions 92 Chapter 5: Identifying Customer Needs 94 The Importance of Latent Needs 96 The Process of Identifying Customer Needs 96 Step 1: Gather Raw Data from Customers 98 Choosing Customers 99 The Art of Eliciting Customer Needs Data 101 Documenting Interactions with Customers 102 Step 2: Interpret Raw Data in Terms of Customer Needs 104 Step 3: Organize the Needs into a Hierarchy 105 Step 4: Establish the Relative Importance of the Needs 107 Step 5: Reflect on the Results and the Process 109 Summary 109 References and Bibliography 110 Exercises 111 Thought Questions 111 Chapter 6: Product Specifications 112 What Are Specifications? 113 When Are Specifications Established? 114 Establishing Target Specifications 115 Step 1: Prepare the List of Metrics 116 Step 2: Collect Competitive Benchmarking Information 120 Step 3: Set Ideal and Marginally Acceptable Target Values 120 Step 4: Reflect on the Results and the Process 124 Setting the Final Specifications 124 Step 1: Develop Technical Models of the Product 126 Step 2: Develop a Cost Model of the Product 127 Step 3: Refine the Specifications, Making Trade-Offs Where Necessary 129 Step 4: Flow Down the Specifications as Appropriate 130 Step 5: Reflect on the Results and the Process 132 Summary 132 References and Bibliography 133 Exercises 134 Thought Questions 134 Appendix: Target Costing 135 Chapter 7: Concept Generation 138 The Activity of Concept Generation 139 Structured Approaches Reduce the Likelihood of Costly Problems 140 A Five-Step Method 140 Step 1: Clarify the Problem 141 Decompose a Complex Problem into Simpler Subproblems 142 Focus Initial Efforts on the Critical Subproblems 144 Step 2: Search Externally 145 Interview Lead Users 145 Consult Experts 146 Search Patents 146 Search Published Literature 147 Benchmark-Related Products 148 Step 3: Search Internally 148 Both Individual and Group Sessions Can Be Useful 149 Hints for Generating Solution Concepts 150 Step 4: Explore Systematically 152 Concept Classification Tree 153 Concept Combination Table 155 Managing the Exploration Process 158 Step 5: Reflect on the Solutions and the Process 160 Summary 161 References and Bibliography 162 Exercises 164 Thought Questions 164 Chapter 8: Concept Selection 166 Concept Selection Is an Integral Part of the Product Development Process 167 All Teams Use Some Method for Choosing a Concept 168 A Structured Method Offers Several Benefits 171 Overview of Methodology 172 Concept Screening 173 Step 1: Prepare the Selection Matrix 173 Step 2: Rate the Concepts 174 Step 3: Rank the Concepts 175 Step 4: Combine and Improve the Concepts 175 Step 5: Select One or More Concepts 175 Step 6: Reflect on the Results and the Process 176 Concept Scoring 177 Step 1: Prepare the Selection Matrix 177 Step 2: Rate the Concepts 178 Step 3: Rank the Concepts 179 Step 4: Combine and Improve the Concepts 179 Step 5: Select One or More Concepts 179 Step 6: Reflect on the Results and the Process 180 Caveats 180 Summary 182 References and Bibliography 182 Exercises 183 Thought Questions 184 Appendix A: Concept-Screening Matrix Example 185 Appendix B: Concept-Scoring Matrix Example 186 Chapter 9: Concept Testing 188 Step 1: Define the Purpose of the Concept Test 190 Step 2: Choose a Survey Population 190 Step 3: Choose a Survey Format 191 Step 4: Communicate the Concept 192 Matching the Survey Format with the Means of Communicating the Concept 196 Issues in Communicating the Concept 196 Step 5: Measure Customer Response 198 Step 6: Interpret the Results 198 Step 7: Reflect on the Results and the Process 201 Summary 202 References and Bibliography 202 Exercises 203 Thought Questions 203 Appendix: Estimating Market Sizes 204 Chapter 10: Product Architecture 206 What Is Product Architecture? 207 Types of Modularity 209 When Is the Product Architecture Defined? 210 Implications of the Architecture 210 Product Change 210 Product Variety 211 Component Standardization 212 Product Performance 212 Manufacturability 213 Product Development Management 213 Establishing the Architecture 214 Step 1: Create a Schematic of the Product 214 Step 2: Cluster the Elements of the Schematic 216 Step 3: Create a Rough Geometric Layout 218 Step 4: Identify the Fundamental and Incidental Interactions 219 Delayed Differentiation 220 Platform Planning 223 Differentiation Plan 223 Commonality Plan 223 Managing the Trade-Off between Differentiation and Commonality 224 Related System-Level Design Issues 225 Defining Secondary Systems 225 Establishing the Architecture of the Chunks 226 Creating Detailed Interface Specifications 226 Summary 227 References and Bibliography 227 Exercises 229 Thought Questions 229 Chapter 11: Industrial Design 230 What Is Industrial Design? 233 Assessing the Need for Industrial Design 234 Expenditures for Industrial Design 234 How Important Is Industrial Design to a Product? 235 User Experience Needs 236 Aesthetic Needs 236 The Impact of Industrial Design 237 Is Industrial Design Worth the Investment? 237 How Does Industrial Design Establish a Corporate Identity? 239 The Industrial Design Process 240 1. Investigation of Customer Needs 241 2. Conceptualization 241 3. Preliminary Refinement 242 4. Further Refinement and Final Concept Selection 242 5. Control Drawings or Models 243 6. Coordination with Engineering, Manufacturing, and External Vendors 244 Management of the Industrial Design Process 244 Timing of Industrial Design Involvement 246 Assessing the Quality of Industrial Design 246 1. Usability 247 2. Emotional Appeal 247 3. Ability to Maintain and Repair the Product 248 4. Appropriate Use of Resources 249 5. Product Differentiation 249 Summary 249 References and Bibliography 250 Exercises 251 Thought Questions 252 Chapter 12: Design for Environment 254 What Is Design for Environment? 256 Two Life Cycles 257 Environmental Impacts 258 History of Design for Environment 259 Herman Miller’s Journey toward Design for Environment 259 The Design for Environment Process? 260 Step 1: Set the DFE Agenda: Drivers, Goals, and Team 261 Identify the Internal and External Drivers of DFE 261 Set the DFE Goals 262 Set Up the DFE Team 263 Step 2: Identify Potential Environmental Impacts 264 Step 3: Select DFE Guidelines 265 Step 4: Apply the DFE Guidelines to the Initial Product Design 267 Step 5: Assess the Environmental Impacts 268 Compare the Environmental Impacts to DFE Goals 269 Step 6: Refine the Product Design to Reduce or Eliminate the Environmental Impacts 269 Step 7: Reflect on the DFE Process and Results 270 Summary 272 References and Bibliography 272 Exercises 273 Thought Questions 274 Chapter 13: Design for Manufacturing and Supply Chain 278 Design for Manufacturing and Supply Chain Defined 279 DFM Requires a Cross-Functional Team 279 DFM Is Performed throughout the Development Process 280 Overview of the DFM Method 280 Step 1: Consider the Strategic Sourcing Decisions 281 Step 2: Estimate the Manufacturing Costs 283 Cost of Goods 283 Fixed Costs versus Variable Costs 286 The Bill of Materials 286 Estimating the Costs of Standard Components 287 Estimating the Costs of Custom Components 288 Estimating the Costs of Assembly 289 Estimating the Overhead Costs 290 Step 3: Reduce the Costs of Components 291 Understand the Process Constraints and Cost Drivers 291 Redesign Components to Eliminate Processing Steps 292 Choose the Appropriate Economic Scale for the Part Process 292 Standardize Components 293 Adhere to “Black Box” Component Procurement 293 Step 4: Reduce the Costs of Assembly 294 Integrate Parts 294 Maximize Ease of Assembly 294 Consider Customer Assembly 295 Step 5: Reduce the Costs of Supporting Production 295 Minimize Systemic Complexity 296 Error Proofing 296 Step 6: Reduce the Costs of Logistics 297 Here are some guidelines for minimizing volume 297 Step 7: Consider the Impact of DFM Decisions on Other Factors 298 The Impact of DFM on Development Time 298 The Impact of DFM on Development Cost 298 The Impact of DFM on Product Quality 298 The Impact of DFM on the Larger Enterprise 299 Results 299 Summary 300 References and Bibliography 301 Exercises 301 Thought Questions 302 Appendix A: Materials Costs 303 Appendix B: Component Manufacturing Costs 304 Appendix C: Assembly Costs 310 Appendix D: Cost Structures 311 Chapter 14: Prototyping 312 Understanding Prototypes 314 Types of Prototypes 314 What Are Prototypes Used For? 317 Principles of Prototyping 320 Analytical Prototypes Are Generally More Flexible Than Physical Prototypes 320 Physical Prototypes Are Required to Detect Unanticipated Phenomena 320 A Prototype May Reduce the Risk of Costly Iterations 321 A Prototype May Expedite Other Development Steps 323 A Prototype May Restructure Task Dependencies 324 Prototyping Technologies 324 CAD Modeling and Analysis 324 3D Printing 325 Planning for Prototypes 326 Step 1: Define the Purpose of the Prototype 326 Step 2: Establish the Level of Approximation of the Prototype 327 Step 3: Outline an Experimental Plan 327 Step 4: Create a Schedule for Procurement, Construction, and Testing 327 Planning Milestone Prototypes 328 Summary 329 References and Bibliography 330 Exercises 331 Thought Questions 332 Chapter 15: Robust Design 334 What Is Robust Design? 335 Design of Experiments 337 The Robust Design Process 338 Step 1: Identify Control Factors, Noise Factors, and Performance Metrics 338 Step 2: Formulate an Objective Function 339 Step 3: Develop the Experimental Plan 340 Experimental Designs 340 Testing Noise Factors 342 Step 4: Run the Experiment 344 Step 5: Conduct the Analysis 344 Computing the Objective Function 344 Computing Factor Effects by Analysis of Means 345 Step 6: Select and Confirm Factor Setpoints 346 Step 7: Reflect and Repeat 346 Caveats 347 Summary 347 References and Bibliography 348 Exercises 349 Thought Questions 349 Appendix : Orthogonal Arrays 350 Chapter 16: Patents and Intellectual Property 354 What Is Intellectual Property? 355 Overview of Patents 356 Utility Patents 357 Preparing a Disclosure 357 Step 1: Formulate a Strategy and Plan 359 Timing of Patent Applications 359 Type of Application 360 Scope of Application 361 Step 2: Study Prior Inventions 361 Step 3: Outline Claims 362 Step 4: Write the Description of the Invention 363 Figures 364 Writing the Detailed Description 364 Defensive Disclosure 365 Step 5: Refine Claims 366 Writing the Claims 366 Guidelines for Crafting Claims 369 Step 6: Pursue Application 369 Step 7: Reflect on the Results and the Process 371 Summary 371 References and Bibliography 372 Exercises 372 Thought Questions 372 Appendix A: Trademarks 373 Appendix B: Advice to Individual Inventors 373 Chapter 17: Service Design 376 Product-Service Systems 377 In What Ways Are Services and Products Different? 378 The Service Design Process 379 The Service Concept 379 Concept Development at Zipcar 381 The Service Process Flow Diagram 382 Subsequent Refinement 383 Downstream Development Activities in Services 383 Prototyping a Service 384 Growing Services 385 Continuous Improvement 385 Summary 386 References and Bibliography 387 Exercises 387 Thought Questions 388 Chapter 18: Product Development Economics 390 Elements of Economic Analysis 391 Quantitative Analysis 391 Qualitative Analysis 392 When Should Economic Analysis Be Performed? 392 Economic Analysis Process 393 Step 1: Build a Base-Case Financial Model 393 Estimate the Timing and Magnitude of Future Cash Inflows and Outflows 393 Compute the Net Present Value of the Cash Flows 395 Other Cash Flows 396 Supporting Go/No-Go and Major Investment Decisions 397 Step 2: Perform Sensitivity Analysis 398 Development Cost Example 398 Development Time Example 400 Understanding Uncertainties 401 Step 3: Use Sensitivity Analysis to Understand Trade-Offs 401 Potential Interactions 403 Trade-Off Rules 404 Limitations of Quantitative Analysis 405 Step 4: Consider the Influence of Qualitative Factors 406 Projects Interact with the Firm, the Market, and the Macro Environment 406 Carrying Out Qualitative Analysis 408 Summary 409 References and Bibliography 410 Exercises 411 Thought Questions 411 Appendix A: Time Value of Money and the Net Present Value Technique 412 Appendix B: Modeling Uncertain Cash Flows Using Net Present Value Analysis 414 Chapter 19: Project Management 418 Understanding and Representing Tasks 419 Sequential, Parallel, and Coupled Tasks 419 The Design Structure Matrix 421 Gantt Charts 422 PERT Charts 423 The Critical Path 423 Baseline Project Planning 424 The Contract Book 424 Project Task List 424 Team Staffing and Organization 426 Project Schedule 427 Project Budget 428 Project Risk Plan 428 Modifying the Baseline Plan 429 Accelerating Projects 430 Project Execution 432 Coordination Mechanisms 433 Assessing Project Status 436 Corrective Actions 436 Postmortem Project Evaluation 437 Summary 439 References and Bibliography 439 Exercises 441 Thought Questions 441 Index 442 Cover......Page 1 Product Design and Development......Page 2 Dedication......Page 4 About the Authors......Page 5 Preface......Page 6 Acknowledgments......Page 8 Brief Contents......Page 10 Contents......Page 11 Chapter 1: Introduction......Page 18 Characteristics of Successful Product Development......Page 19 Who Designs and Develops Products?......Page 20 Duration and Cost of Product Development......Page 22 Approach of This Book......Page 23 Organizational Realities......Page 24 Roadmap of the Book......Page 25 Thought Question......Page 27 Chapter 2: Product Development Process and Organization......Page 28 The Product Development Process......Page 29 Concept Development: The Front-End Process......Page 33 Technology-Push Products......Page 35 Customized Products......Page 37 Digital Products......Page 38 Product Development Process Flows......Page 39 The Tyco Product Development Process......Page 40 Organizations Are Formed by Establishing Links among Individuals......Page 41 Organizational Links May Be Aligned with Functions, Projects, or Both......Page 43 Choosing an Organizational Structure......Page 44 The Tyco Product Development Organization......Page 47 References and Bibliography......Page 48 Thought Questions......Page 50 Chapter 3: Opportunity Identification......Page 52 Types of Opportunities......Page 53 Tournament Structure of Opportunity Identification......Page 54 Effective Opportunity Tournaments......Page 56 Step 1: Establish a Charter......Page 58 Techniques for Generating Opportunities......Page 59 Step 3: Screen Opportunities......Page 65 Step 5: Select Exceptional Opportunities......Page 66 Step 6: Reflect on the Results and the Process......Page 68 References and Bibliography......Page 69 Thought Questions......Page 70 Chapter 4: Product Planning......Page 72 The Product Planning Process......Page 74 The Process......Page 75 Step 1: Identify Opportunities......Page 76 Competitive Strategy......Page 77 Technological Trajectories......Page 78 Product Platform Planning......Page 80 Technology Roadmapping......Page 81 Balancing the Portfolio......Page 82 Step 3: Allocate Resources and Plan Timing......Page 84 Resource Allocation......Page 85 Step 4: Complete Pre-Project Planning......Page 86 Mission Statements......Page 87 Assumptions and Constraints......Page 88 Step 5: Reflect on the Results and the Process......Page 89 References and Bibliography......Page 90 Thought Questions......Page 92 Chapter 5: Identifying Customer Needs......Page 94 The Process of Identifying Customer Needs......Page 96 Step 1: Gather Raw Data from Customers......Page 98 Choosing Customers......Page 99 The Art of Eliciting Customer Needs Data......Page 101 Documenting Interactions with Customers......Page 102 Step 2: Interpret Raw Data in Terms of Customer Needs......Page 104 Step 3: Organize the Needs into a Hierarchy......Page 105 Step 4: Establish the Relative Importance of the Needs......Page 107 Summary......Page 109 References and Bibliography......Page 110 Thought Questions......Page 111 Chapter 6: Product Specifications......Page 112 What Are Specifications?......Page 113 When Are Specifications Established?......Page 114 Establishing Target Specifications......Page 115 Step 1: Prepare the List of Metrics......Page 116 Step 3: Set Ideal and Marginally Acceptable Target Values......Page 120 Setting the Final Specifications......Page 124 Step 1: Develop Technical Models of the Product......Page 126 Step 2: Develop a Cost Model of the Product......Page 127 Step 3: Refine the Specifications, Making Trade-Offs Where Necessary......Page 129 Step 4: Flow Down the Specifications as Appropriate......Page 130 Summary......Page 132 References and Bibliography......Page 133 Thought Questions......Page 134 Appendix: Target Costing......Page 135 Chapter 7: Concept Generation......Page 138 The Activity of Concept Generation......Page 139 A Five-Step Method......Page 140 Step 1: Clarify the Problem......Page 141 Decompose a Complex Problem into Simpler Subproblems......Page 142 Focus Initial Efforts on the Critical Subproblems......Page 144 Interview Lead Users......Page 145 Search Patents......Page 146 Search Published Literature......Page 147 Step 3: Search Internally......Page 148 Both Individual and Group Sessions Can Be Useful......Page 149 Hints for Generating Solution Concepts......Page 150 Step 4: Explore Systematically......Page 152 Concept Classification Tree......Page 153 Concept Combination Table......Page 155 Managing the Exploration Process......Page 158 Step 5: Reflect on the Solutions and the Process......Page 160 Summary......Page 161 References and Bibliography......Page 162 Thought Questions......Page 164 Chapter 8: Concept Selection......Page 166 Concept Selection Is an Integral Part of the Product Development Process......Page 167 All Teams Use Some Method for Choosing a Concept......Page 168 A Structured Method Offers Several Benefits......Page 171 Overview of Methodology......Page 172 Step 1: Prepare the Selection Matrix......Page 173 Step 2: Rate the Concepts......Page 174 Step 5: Select One or More Concepts......Page 175 Step 6: Reflect on the Results and the Process......Page 176 Step 1: Prepare the Selection Matrix......Page 177 Step 2: Rate the Concepts......Page 178 Step 5: Select One or More Concepts......Page 179 Caveats......Page 180 References and Bibliography......Page 182 Exercises......Page 183 Thought Questions......Page 184 Appendix A: Concept-Screening Matrix Example......Page 185 Appendix B: Concept-Scoring Matrix Example......Page 186 Chapter 9: Concept Testing......Page 188 Step 2: Choose a Survey Population......Page 190 Step 3: Choose a Survey Format......Page 191 Step 4: Communicate the Concept......Page 192 Issues in Communicating the Concept......Page 196 Step 6: Interpret the Results......Page 198 Step 7: Reflect on the Results and the Process......Page 201 References and Bibliography......Page 202 Thought Questions......Page 203 Appendix: Estimating Market Sizes......Page 204 Chapter 10: Product Architecture......Page 206 What Is Product Architecture?......Page 207 Types of Modularity......Page 209 Product Change......Page 210 Product Variety......Page 211 Product Performance......Page 212 Product Development Management......Page 213 Step 1: Create a Schematic of the Product......Page 214 Step 2: Cluster the Elements of the Schematic......Page 216 Step 3: Create a Rough Geometric Layout......Page 218 Step 4: Identify the Fundamental and Incidental Interactions......Page 219 Delayed Differentiation......Page 220 Commonality Plan......Page 223 Managing the Trade-Off between Differentiation and Commonality......Page 224 Defining Secondary Systems......Page 225 Creating Detailed Interface Specifications......Page 226 References and Bibliography......Page 227 Thought Questions......Page 229 Chapter 11: Industrial Design......Page 230 What Is Industrial Design?......Page 233 Expenditures for Industrial Design......Page 234 How Important Is Industrial Design to a Product?......Page 235 Aesthetic Needs......Page 236 Is Industrial Design Worth the Investment?......Page 237 How Does Industrial Design Establish a Corporate Identity?......Page 239 The Industrial Design Process......Page 240 2. Conceptualization......Page 241 4. Further Refinement and Final Concept Selection......Page 242 5. Control Drawings or Models......Page 243 Management of the Industrial Design Process......Page 244 Assessing the Quality of Industrial Design......Page 246 2. Emotional Appeal......Page 247 3. Ability to Maintain and Repair the Product......Page 248 Summary......Page 249 References and Bibliography......Page 250 Exercises......Page 251 Thought Questions......Page 252 Chapter 12: Design for Environment......Page 254 What Is Design for Environment?......Page 256 Two Life Cycles......Page 257 Environmental Impacts......Page 258 Herman Miller’s Journey toward Design for Environment......Page 259 The Design for Environment Process?......Page 260 Identify the Internal and External Drivers of DFE......Page 261 Set the DFE Goals......Page 262 Set Up the DFE Team......Page 263 Step 2: Identify Potential Environmental Impacts......Page 264 Step 3: Select DFE Guidelines......Page 265 Step 4: Apply the DFE Guidelines to the Initial Product Design......Page 267 Step 5: Assess the Environmental Impacts......Page 268 Step 6: Refine the Product Design to Reduce or Eliminate the Environmental Impacts......Page 269 Step 7: Reflect on the DFE Process and Results......Page 270 References and Bibliography......Page 272 Exercises......Page 273 Thought Questions......Page 274 Chapter 13: Design for Manufacturing and Supply Chain......Page 278 DFM Requires a Cross-Functional Team......Page 279 Overview of the DFM Method......Page 280 Step 1: Consider the Strategic Sourcing Decisions......Page 281 Cost of Goods......Page 283 The Bill of Materials......Page 286 Estimating the Costs of Standard Components......Page 287 Estimating the Costs of Custom Components......Page 288 Estimating the Costs of Assembly......Page 289 Estimating the Overhead Costs......Page 290 Understand the Process Constraints and Cost Drivers......Page 291 Choose the Appropriate Economic Scale for the Part Process......Page 292 Adhere to “Black Box” Component Procurement......Page 293 Maximize Ease of Assembly......Page 294 Step 5: Reduce the Costs of Supporting Production......Page 295 Error Proofing......Page 296 Here are some guidelines for minimizing volume......Page 297 The Impact of DFM on Product Quality......Page 298 Results......Page 299 Summary......Page 300 Exercises......Page 301 Thought Questions......Page 302 Appendix A: Materials Costs......Page 303 Appendix B: Component Manufacturing Costs......Page 304 Appendix C: Assembly Costs......Page 310 Appendix D: Cost Structures......Page 311 Chapter 14: Prototyping......Page 312 Types of Prototypes......Page 314 What Are Prototypes Used For?......Page 317 Physical Prototypes Are Required to Detect Unanticipated Phenomena......Page 320 A Prototype May Reduce the Risk of Costly Iterations......Page 321 A Prototype May Expedite Other Development Steps......Page 323 CAD Modeling and Analysis......Page 324 3D Printing......Page 325 Step 1: Define the Purpose of the Prototype......Page 326 Step 4: Create a Schedule for Procurement, Construction, and Testing......Page 327 Planning Milestone Prototypes......Page 328 Summary......Page 329 References and Bibliography......Page 330 Exercises......Page 331 Thought Questions......Page 332 Chapter 15: Robust Design......Page 334 What Is Robust Design?......Page 335 Design of Experiments......Page 337 Step 1: Identify Control Factors, Noise Factors, and Performance Metrics......Page 338 Step 2: Formulate an Objective Function......Page 339 Experimental Designs......Page 340 Testing Noise Factors......Page 342 Computing the Objective Function......Page 344 Computing Factor Effects by Analysis of Means......Page 345 Step 7: Reflect and Repeat......Page 346 Summary......Page 347 References and Bibliography......Page 348 Thought Questions......Page 349 Appendix : Orthogonal Arrays......Page 350 Chapter 16: Patents and Intellectual Property......Page 354 What Is Intellectual Property?......Page 355 Overview of Patents......Page 356 Preparing a Disclosure......Page 357 Timing of Patent Applications......Page 359 Type of Application......Page 360 Step 2: Study Prior Inventions......Page 361 Step 3: Outline Claims......Page 362 Step 4: Write the Description of the Invention......Page 363 Writing the Detailed Description......Page 364 Defensive Disclosure......Page 365 Writing the Claims......Page 366 Step 6: Pursue Application......Page 369 Summary......Page 371 Thought Questions......Page 372 Appendix B: Advice to Individual Inventors......Page 373 Chapter 17: Service Design......Page 376 Product-Service Systems......Page 377 In What Ways Are Services and Products Different?......Page 378 The Service Concept......Page 379 Concept Development at Zipcar......Page 381 The Service Process Flow Diagram......Page 382 Downstream Development Activities in Services......Page 383 Prototyping a Service......Page 384 Continuous Improvement......Page 385 Summary......Page 386 Exercises......Page 387 Thought Questions......Page 388 Chapter 18: Product Development Economics......Page 390 Quantitative Analysis......Page 391 When Should Economic Analysis Be Performed?......Page 392 Estimate the Timing and Magnitude of Future Cash Inflows and Outflows......Page 393 Compute the Net Present Value of the Cash Flows......Page 395 Other Cash Flows......Page 396 Supporting Go/No-Go and Major Investment Decisions......Page 397 Development Cost Example......Page 398 Development Time Example......Page 400 Step 3: Use Sensitivity Analysis to Understand Trade-Offs......Page 401 Potential Interactions......Page 403 Trade-Off Rules......Page 404 Limitations of Quantitative Analysis......Page 405 Projects Interact with the Firm, the Market, and the Macro Environment......Page 406 Carrying Out Qualitative Analysis......Page 408 Summary......Page 409 References and Bibliography......Page 410 Thought Questions......Page 411 Appendix A: Time Value of Money and the Net Present Value Technique......Page 412 Appendix B: Modeling Uncertain Cash Flows Using Net Present Value Analysis......Page 414 Chapter 19: Project Management......Page 418 Sequential, Parallel, and Coupled Tasks......Page 419 The Design Structure Matrix......Page 421 Gantt Charts......Page 422 The Critical Path......Page 423 Project Task List......Page 424 Team Staffing and Organization......Page 426 Project Schedule......Page 427 Project Risk Plan......Page 428 Modifying the Baseline Plan......Page 429 Accelerating Projects......Page 430 Project Execution......Page 432 Coordination Mechanisms......Page 433 Corrective Actions......Page 436 Postmortem Project Evaluation......Page 437 References and Bibliography......Page 439 Thought Questions......Page 441 Index......Page 442 "Treating such contemporary design and development issues as identifying customer needs, design for manufacturing, prototyping, and industrial design, Product Design and Development by Ulrich and Eppinger presents in a clear and detailed way a set of product development techniques aimed at bringing together the marketing, design, and manufacturing functions of the enterprise. The integrative methods in the book facilitate problem solving and decision making among people with different disciplinary perspectives, reflecting the current industry toward designing and developing products in cross-functional teams"-- "This book contains material developed for use in the interdisciplinary courses on product development that we teach. Participants in these courses include graduate students in engineering, industrial design students, and MBA students. While we aimed the book at interdisciplinary graduate-level audiences such as this, many faculty teaching graduate and undergraduate courses in engineering design have also found the material useful. Product Design and Development is also for practicing professionals. Indeed, we could not avoid writing for a professional audience because most of our students are themselves professionals who have worked either in product development or in closely related functions. This book blends the perspectives of marketing, design, and manufacturing into a single approach to product development. As a result, we provide students of all kinds with an appreciation for the realities of industrial practice and for the complex and essential roles played by the various members of product development teams. For industrial practitioners, in particular, we provide a set of product development methods that can be put into immediate practice on development projects"--