Manipal prep manual of medicine for dental students : with multiple choice questions (MCQs), as per the syllabus prescribed by the Dental Council of India

This book will help the dental students master the knowledge in general medicine and also prepare for their general medicine examination easily. Presented in Question-Answer style, the book also contains multiple choice questions (MCQs) which are being asked commonly as part of the theory paper in most of the universities/institutions. Cover Half Title Page Title Page Copyright Dedication Foreword to the Third Edition by Dr H Basavana Gowdappa Foreword to the First Edition by Dr Raviraja V Acharya Preface to the Third Edition Preface to the First Edition Contents 1. Infectious Diseases Q. Define the terms colonization, infestation, infection,bacteremia, sepsis and septic shock. 2. Diseases of Respiratory System Q. Lung defense mechanisms. Q. Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and its uses. Q. Enumerate the common signs and symptoms ofrespiratory disease. 3. Diseases of Cardiovascular System Q. Describe the blood supply and venous drainageof the heart. Q. Nerve supply of the heart. Q. Enumerate the symptoms of cardiac disease. Q. What are the causes of chest pain? Discuss thedifferential diagnosis of chest pain. Q. Define syncope. Enumerate the causes of syncope.Discuss the approach to a case of syncope. 4. Gastrointestinal System Q. Define the terms nausea, vomiting, retching,regurgitation, rumination and indigestion. Q. Discuss the causes and mechanism of vomiting. Howdo you approach and manage a case of vomiting? Q. Causes of loss of appetite. Q. What are the causes of acute diarrhea? How doyou evaluate and manage a case of acute diarrhea? Q. Traveler’s diarrhea 5. Diseases of Nervous System Q. Enumerate the common symptoms/manifestationsof nervous system disease. Q. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Q. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). 6. Diseases of Blood Q. What are the common presenting symptoms/signsof a hematological disorder? General Signs and Symptoms Nervous System Complaints Q. What are the common laboratory abnormalities ofhematological diseases? Q. Describe the various abnormalities that can be seenin peripheral blood smear. Q. Importance of blood smear examination. Q. Define anemia. Q. Enumerate the causes and classification of anemia. 378 Q. Iron metabolism in the body. Q. Enumerate the causes of microcytic anemia. Discussthe etiology, clinical features, investigations andmanagement of iron deficiency anemia. Causes of Microcytic Anemia (MCV below 80 fl) Iron Deficiency Anemia Q. Enumerate the causes of macrocytosis. Q. Enumerate the causes of macrocytic anemia.Discuss the etiology, clinical features, diagnosisand management of Vit B12 (cyanocobalamin)deficiency. Q. Bone marrow picture in megaloblastic anemia. Q. Pernicious anemia. 7. Diseases of Liver and Biliary System Q. Enumerate the functions of liver Q. What are the signs and symptoms of liver disease? Q. Describe the liver function tests in acute hepatitisand obstructive jaundice. LFTs in Acute Hepatitis Q. Liver function tests (LFT) and their interpretation. Tests for Liver Injury Q. Diagnostic tests for the evaluation of liver disease. Tests for Cholestasis Tests to Assess Metabolic Function 8. Diseases of Kidney and Urinary Tract Q. Describe the structure of a nephron. What are thefunctions of kidneys? Figure 8.1 Structure of a nephron nephritis. Functions of the Kidneys Q. What are the signs and symptoms of kidney andurinary tract disease? How do you approach asuspected case of kidney disease? 476 Q. Juxtaglomerular apparatus. Q. Glomerular filtration rate. 9. Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus Q. Enumerate the common presenting complaints ofendocrine dysfunction. Q. Discuss briefly the anatomy of pituitary gland,hormones secreted and their functions. Q. Hypopituitarism; panhypopituitarism. Causes of Hypopituitarism Clinical Features Investigations Treatment Q. Pituitary infarction (Sheehan syndrome). Clinical Features Investigations Q. Enumerate the causes of short stature. 10. Diseases of Immune System, Connective Tissue, and Joints Q. What are rheumatic diseases? Q. What are the presenting complaints of rheumaticdiseases (musculoskeletal diseases)? Q. What is arthrocentesis? Enumerate the indicationsfor arthrocentesis. Indications Q. Enumerate the causes of monoarthritis. Q. Enumerate the causes of oligoarthritis. Q. Enumerate the causes of polyarthritis. Q. Enumerate the causes of bone pain. Q. Discuss the etiology, clinical features, investigationsand management of osteoarthritis. Q. Discuss the etiology, clinical features, investigationsand management of rheumatoid arthritis. Etiology Pathology Figure 10.1 Pathology of rheumatoid arthritis Clinical Features Investigations Management Pharmacologic Therapy Non-pharmacological Measures Q. Felty syndrome. Clinical Features Q. What are spondyloarthropathies (seronegativespondyloarthropathies)? Discuss the pathologyand general features of spondyloarthropathies. Q. Discuss the etiology, clinical features, investigationsand management of ankylosing spondylitis. Q. Discuss the etiology, clinical features, investigations,and management of reactive arthritis. Q. Discuss the clinical features, diagnosis, and managementof psoriatic arthritis. 11. Nutritional Disorders 12. Psychiatric Disorders 13. Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders Q. Write briefly about the normal distribution of waterand electrolytes in the body. Normal Distribution of Water in the Body Normal Distribution of Electrolytes in the Body Q. Fluid volume depletion (dehydration). Etiology Clinical Features Q. Generalized edema. Causes Pathophysiology Investigations Management Q. Discuss the etiology, clinical features, investigationsand management of hyponatremia. Causes of Hyponatremia Other Causes of Hyponatremia Investigations Management Figure 13.2 Approach to a case of hyponatremia Q. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormonesecretion (SIADH). Q. Hypernatremia. Q. Discuss briefly about the normal handling ofpotassium by the body. Etiology Clinical Features Investigations Q. Enumerate the causes of hyperkalemia. Discussbriefly the clinical features, ECG manifestations andmanagement of hyperkalemia. Figure 13.3 ECG changes in hyperkalemia hypermagnesemia. Q. Hypomagnesemia. Q. Hypermagnesemia. Q. Discuss the causes, clinical features, investigationsand management of metabolic acidosis. Q. Metabolic alkalosis. 14. Oncology 15. Genetic Disorders 16. Diseases of the Skin 17. Poisoning, Venomous Bites and Environmental Diseases 18. Emergency Medicine and Critical Care Q. Shock. Classification and Causes Pathophysiology Figure 18.1 Pathophysiology of shock Clinical Features Investigations Treatment Q. Define systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS) and MODS (multiple organ dysfunctionsyndrome). Discuss the etiology, pathogenesis andmanagement of SIRS. Pathogenesis Clinical Features, Investigations and Management Q. Define bacteremia, sepsis, severe sepsis and septicshock. Definition Q. Discuss the etiopathogenesis of sepsis. How doyou investigate and manage a case of sepsis? Definition Investigations Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock Q. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Q. Acute lung injury (ALI). ARDS Berlin Definition TABLE 18.2: Causes of ARDS Pathogenesis Clinical Features Investigations Treatment Q. Respiratory failure. 19. Case Scenario Based Discussion Q. A 30-year-old man presents with 5 days history offever, headache and vomiting. Headache is diffuseand severe. Examination shows neck stiffness andKernig sign is positive. Discuss about the most likelydiagnosis in this patient. Q. A middle-aged farmer presents with 4 days historyof fever and generalized body ache. He has alsonoticed yellowish discoloration of eyes and oliguria.Examination reveals muscle tenderness.1. What is your diagnosis?2. What investigation will you do to confirm thediagnosis?3. How do you treat this patient? Q. A 30-year-old lady presents with history of breathlessnessand wheezing of 2 days duration. She alsogives history of similar episodes since childhoodusually during spring season. She is not a smoker.Her mother also has similar complaints.What is your diagnosis? Discuss the etiology, pathogenesis,clinical features and treatment of the same. Q. A 40-year-old lady presents with history of recurrentepisodes of cough with copious amount of sputumfor the past 10 years. She had suffered from pulmonarytuberculosis 15 years ago. Examination revealspresence of clubbing and bilateral basal coarsecrepitations.1. What is the most likely diagnosis? Discuss theetiology, clinical features, investigations andmanagement of the same.2. How do you prevent recurrent chest infectionsin her? Q. A 50-year-old man presents with cough withexpectoration of 2 weeks duration. He says hissputum is of large quantity and foul smelling. Patientsays cough and sputum quantity are more on lyingin left lateral position. He also gives history of fever. Q. A 55-year-old diabetic and hypertensive developssevere left-sided chest pain while working. Pain hasbeen present for the last 30 minutes. He also hasdyspnea and fatigue. Examination shows diaphoresis,pale cool skin, tachycardia, presence of S3and bilateral basal lung crepitations. Q. A 25-year-old man who is a known case of rheumaticheart disease presents with fever of three weeksduration. Examination shows petechial hemorrhages,subungual (splinter) hemorrhages, and tender subcutaneousnodules on the digits. 20. Role of Physician in the Community, Medicolegal and Ethical Issues in Health Care Index Back Cover