Managing Mobility in Early Modern Europe and its Empires: Invited, Banished, Tolerated (Palgrave Studies in Migration History)

This book examines how migration and mobility were controlled, supported, and restricted in early modern Europe and European colonies. The aim of the book is to investigate how different actors, such as rulers, regional lords, local authorities, and corporations tried to regulate different forms of mobility and how those on the move reacted to these attempts. The book examines the agency of both the authorities and the migrants, shifting focus between the macro and the micro level. The chapters will also illuminate the ways gender, religion, language, ethnicity, occupation, and socioeconomic status were entangled in the regulations concerning mobility. Control of migration is inextricably linked with power relations. In this book, mobility is seen as a wide social process, which covers daily or seasonal movement as well as less or more stable migration. Contents 6 Notes on Contributors 8 List of Figures 11 List of Tables 13 1 Introduction 14 References 22 Part I Economy Behind the Mobility 23 2 From Foreign Mercenaries to the King’s Trusted Companions—The Emergence of the Swedish–Scottish Recruitment Network 1556–1610 24 Introduction 24 Embryonic Military Networks 27 The Formative Phase of Network-Building 30 Institutionalization of the Network 34 The Network Reforged 39 Official and Unofficial Diplomatic Networks 46 Conclusion 51 References 54 3 Early Swedish Trading Companies—Shortcut to Migration? 59 Introduction 59 The Swedish Commercial and Legal Atmosphere (in the Seventeenth Century) 62 Trading Companies with Privileges 65 Dutch Migrants with Their Networks 68 Foreign Shareholders 72 Conclusions—Company Privileges as a Shortcut? 75 References 77 4 ‘Notoriously and Publicly Known to the Stock Exchange’: Private Initiatives in Early Modern Amsterdam to Ransom and Repatriate Barbary Captives 81 Introduction: Barbary Captivity, Christian Slavery 81 Methodology and Global Results 84 Raising Ransoms, Paying Mobility: The Dutch Republic 86 Spending Ransoms, Allowing Mobility: North Africa 92 Repatriation as Mobility: Italy and Beyond 101 Conclusion 103 References 104 Part II Islands, Peripheries, and Colonies 107 5 Multiethnic Islands in the Middle of Indigenous Lands: Native Migration to the Colonial Towns in the Northern Andes, 1550–1650 108 Introduction 108 Controlling the Migration 110 Motives to Migrate 116 Natives Living in the Towns 119 Networks and Social Status 123 Conclusions 128 References 129 6 Not Wanted on the Island? Managing Outlanders in Early Modern Iceland 132 Introduction 132 Early Migration to Iceland 133 Inlanders and Outlanders 135 Managing Iceland 136 From Píningsdómur to Trade Monopoly: Urbanisation, Trade, and In-migration 139 Migration Without Urbanisation 141 Outside Talent 143 Foreign Origin, Kinship, and Social Status 146 Women and Migration 147 Conclusions 149 References 151 Part III Empires—Regulation and Control 156 7 Liquid Identity? Peasants’ Mobility and Migration Policies in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Seventeenth Century: The Case of the Microregions of Gdańsk and Krakow 157 Introduction 157 Literature and Sources 159 The Migration Policies of the Cities of Gdańsk and Krakow 159 Migrations in the Microregions of Gdańsk and Krakow 164 Case Study: Groß Zünder and Bolechowice Parishes 168 Conclusions 172 References 174 8 One Does Not Simply Walk Out of Sweden: Early Modern Regulations and Conceptualizations of Migration 177 Introduction: Migration Concepts 177 Migration Regulations 180 Migration Concepts in Practice 185 Conclusions 188 References 190 9 Between the Abolition of Serfdom and Servitude: The Control of the Mobility and Migration of the Rural Population Conducted by Manorial Officers on Behalf of the Habsburg Monarchy and Its army (South Bohemia—Třeboň Estate during the Napoleonic Wars) 193 Introduction 193 The Abolition of Serfdom and the Circumstances Surrounding the Creation of Travel Documents 194 The Conscription System and Replenishment of the Army 195 Sources for the Study of Population Mobility Control 197 Organization of Military Levies and Recruits 198 Geographical Mobility of Men Aged 17 to 40 200 Travel Permit—Necessity or Formality? 203 Conclusions 208 References 209 10 Concluding Remarks 213 References 219 Index 220