Managing Microorganisms

Cover Managing Microorganisms Copyright Contents Contributors Preface Acknowledgements Notes Introduction: An Overview of Managing Microorganisms Resource books and references CABI training courses CABI products that will provide additional support Overview of Managing Microorganisms Summary References Abstracts Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Acronyms and abbreviations 1 Culture Collections Introduction Role of Culture Collections Culture Collection Operations Culture Collection Organizations International Federations The World Federation of Culture Collections (WFCC) The World Data Centre for Micro-organisms (WDCM) Microbial Resource Centres (MIRCENs) Regional Federations European Culture Collections’ Organisation (ECCO) Asian Consortium for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Microbial Resources (ACM) National Networks The United Kingdom Biological Resource Centre Network (UKBRCN) United States Culture Collection Network (USCCN) Research Infrastructures Ancillary Services Provided by Culture Collections Research, Consultancy, Contract and Investigation Services Identification of Cultures Preservation Protocols Depositing Cultures Patent Deposits Information Services and Training Information services Training Culture Collection Quality Management Culture Collection Accession Policy and Criteria Collection Operations: Ordering, Charges, Payments, Quarantine and Safety Managing a Small Working Collection Establishing a Culture Collection: What are the key questions to ask Culture collection space and equipment Information management Databases Receipt and handling of biological materials Packaging and transport Funding Operating a Collection General organizational requirements for a culture collection Quality Assurance Programme/Quality Management System Responsibilities of the Director/Curator/Lead scientist Microbiologist support Best practices Record management Operations within a culture collection Freezer and refrigerator monitoring Inventory verification Emergency preparedness Storage environments Standard Operating Practices Biological material tracking Inventory systems References 2 Isolation and Growth of Microorganisms Introduction Diagnostic Advisory Service (DAS) Procedures Receiving enquiries Logging DAS enquiries Gathering information Sending plant or insect samples Sending samples to DAS Preparation for arrival of samples Identifying Invertebrates DAS Checklist of Activities Parcel reception: Arrival in laboratory: Prior to working on plant material: Working on plant samples in DAS laboratory: Fungal isolations: Bacterial isolations: Storing material: Sending samples offsite for identification: Plant Pathology Techniques Plant Disease Diagnosis Collection of Plant Disease Specimens Precautions Method for Suspected Viral Infections Packaging Plant Material Leaves Roots Stems Sending samples for analysis Important phytosanitary precautions Collection details Working with Plant Specimens Sellotape® mount Clearing and staining Preparation of squash mounts from specimens Incubation in a moist chamber Preparation of moist chambers Isolation of fungi from plant material Aseptic isolation Method Surface sterilization Surface sterilising agents Industrial Methylated Spirit (IMS; industrial alcohol) Sodium or Calcium Hypochlorite (NaCl)O or (Ca(ClO)2) Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Alternative sterilants Physical methods Isolation techniques from different types of plant material 1. Stem/root lesions 2. Fine root lesions 3. Leaves 4. Fruits etc. Baiting Baiting using plant material in water Baiting using whole fruits Precautions Isolation and Growth of Fungi Slide preparation: squash mounts from fungal cultures Use of mountants Preparation method Sub-culturing Fungi Standard method Sub-culturing Penicillium and Aspergillus using three-point inoculation Mite Infestation Prevention Hygiene Fumigation Mechanical and chemical barriers Method Protected storage Growth Conditions for Fungi Media Temperature Single Spore Isolation Preparation of agar plates Preparing a spore suspension Streaking out the spore suspension Locating and isolating large germinating spores Locating and isolating small germinating spores Isolation of fungi by direct plating Isolation of surface fungi Use of black light Formulae and uses of mountants Cotton blue in lactic acid Lactic acid Lactofuchsin Isolation and Growth of Bacteria Isolation of Bacteria from Plant Material Dilution and streaking method Isolation of Bacteria from Environmental Samples Isolation of Bacteria from Plants Determining presence of bacteria in infected plant material Surface Sterilization of Plant Material Isolation of Plant Bacteria Checking the Purity of Cultures Determination of Colonial Morphology Bacterial colony morphology Gram Stain and Cell Morphology KOH Solubility Test (Gram stain confirmation) Biochemical and Physiological Testing of Bacteria Factors Affecting Growth of Bacteria Media Specific growth conditions for some bacteria pH Water activity Temperature Sub-culturing Culturomics Growth and Examination of Yeasts Media Sub-culturing Temperature Aeration pH Light Sporulation Identification methods References 3 Identification, Characterization and Use of Microorganisms Introduction Identification of Bacteria and Fungi (including the Oomycota [Heterokonta]) Methods Typically Used for Bacterial and Fungal Identification Morphology Microscopy and Morphometrics Features of Various Microscopy Techniques Bright field microscopy Dark field microscopy Phase contrast microscopy Differential Interference microscopy Confocal microscopy Cryomicroscopy Fluorescence microscopy Immunofluorescence microscopy Fluorescence in situ hybridization  Electron microscopy (EM)  Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)  Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Identification from (Bio)chemical Properties and from Nucleotide Sequences Fatty Acid Methyl Esterase (FAME) Analysis by Gas Chromatography (GC) Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/ionization Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-ToF-MS) Uses Molecular Methods: DNA Barcoding and Multilocus Sequencing Characterization Plate Assays Assessing Enzyme Activity on Solid Media Diffusion tests and susceptibility testing Assessing antibiotic sensitivity Tolerance, sensitivity and resistance tests Biodegradative properties and bioremediation Pathogenicity Tests and Fermentation Studies Interaction/compatibility testing Carbon Utilization Studies Nitrogen-source screening Enzymes, Proteins and Organic Acids Enzyme assays using chromogenic and fluorogenic substrates Enzymatic activity of extracts and broths Chromogenic and fluorogenic substrates Chromatography Immunological methods Molecular methods; whole genome sequencing; etc. [but also mentioning some of the older methods]) DGGE/SSCP analysis Electrophoretic karyotyping Next generation sequencing Characterizing mixed samples/communities Harnessing Microbial Resources Test Strains Microbial Products Used in Industry Enzyme producing strains Metabolite producing strains Pharmaceutical Industry Bioremediation and Biodegredation Tolerant Strains Resistant Strains Pathogens Biological control strains Environmental strains Special properties: morphological and physiological Special properties: chemical (bioconversion/biotransformation etc.) Genetic strains Summary References 4 Preserving Microorganisms Introduction Preservation Methods for Bacteria Preservation Methods for Fungi Methods of Preservation Applied to Taxonomic Groups of Fungi Basic Preservation Methods for Fungi Method for Centrifugal (Spin) Freeze-Drying Method for Single Phase Shelf Freeze-Drying Materials for Recovery Recovery cryopreservation. Methods at CABI Preservation of Other Microorganism Groups Preservation of Microbiomes and Microbial Consortia Criteria for the Selection of Preservation Techniques Preservation Choices for Collections Considering Logistical Criteria Considering Taxonomic Criteria Choosing a Preservation Method References 5 Regulatory Considerations on the Safe Handling and Distributing of Microorganisms Introduction Health and Safety in Handling Microorganisms Classification of Microorganisms on the Basis of Hazard Hazards Associated with Microorganisms Infection Occurrence of Laboratory-acquired Infections Assessment of risk Allergic Reactions Sensitivity to Latex Gloves Prevention of Allergic Reactions Mycotoxins Bacterial Toxins Preventing exposure to microbial toxins Safety in the Laboratory Basic Requirements to Establish a Safe Workplace basic health and safety information Safety Regarding Equipment Autoclave Centrifuge Hand Tools Electrical equipment Safety Regarding Chemicals Safety Measures for Other Chemicals used in Microbiology Antibiotics and Fungicides added to Culture Media Safety Equipment Types of Safety Equipment Precautions when Handling Microorganisms Working with Aerosols Safe Disposal of Waste Operations Regulations Governing Distribution and Use of Cultures Regulatory Control of Microbiology Quarantine Regulations The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) the cbd nagoya protocol. Ownership of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Control of Distribution of Dangerous Organisms Regulations on Culture Distribution Postal Regulations and Packaging Postal Regulations Microorganisms and Biosecurity Biological Weapons Convention Export Licensing Measures Best Practice Guidelines on Biosecurity for BRCs Biosecurity Risk Assessment References 6 Standards in Microbiology Introduction Standards and Accreditation Establishing best practice and selection of the most appropriate standard International Guidance and Coordination: WFCC Guidelines Salient Features in the WFCC Guidelines Organization Funding Objectives Holdings Staff Preservation Deposit Procedures and Culture Authentication Culture Supply Publicity and Promotion Other Services Documentation and Computerization Catalogues Research Training Safety and Quality Standards National and International Collaboration OECD Biological Resource Centre (BRC) Best Practice Development of Best Practice Works Undertaken by BRC Task Force General Best Practices for BRCs Purpose All operations in the handling, storage and use of biological materials Quality audit and quality review Best Practice for Microorganisms Organizational Requirements staff qualifications and training. Premises Equipment use, calibration, testing and maintenance records informatics. preparation of media and reagents. Best Practice for Microorganisms: Accession receipt and handling of biological materials. preservation. availability of biological material. distribution control of hazardous microorganisms. Best Practice for Microorganisms: Compliance Best Practice for Microorganisms: Classification According to Risk Groups risk groups Safety information provided to the recipient of microorganisms Approaches to National Accreditation or Certification Criteria for Certification general brc certification rules. certification mechanism. general criteria for certified brcs. Mechanisms to Demonstrate Compliance Process for Implementing Best Practice compliance with oecd brc best practice - checklist. a brc accreditation mechanism. an example outline of the accreditation procedure audit and review. Good Management Practices Self-Audit what must the laboratory comply with? what documentation is in place? what procedures are in place for the receipt of biological materials? what legal and administrative procedures are in place? is the workplace fit for the purpose? are installations, equipment and information systems compliant? is a quality manual available and are procedures managed? what procedures are in place for control of the distribution of biological resources? Internal Vertical Audit Quality Controls for Microorganisms Data Sets suggested for microorganisms ISO International Quality Management Standards ISO Certification/Registration ISO Standards iso 9001: some requirements iso 17025 personnel document control iso 15190 iso 15189 iso 17034 iso guide 30:2015 terms and definitions in connection with reference materials iso guide 31:2015 contents of certificates of reference materials iso guide 35:2017 certification of reference materials – general and statistical principles A National Culture Collection Quality Management System Aim of QMS essentials in microbial collection standards. Other Best Practices ISBER ISO 9000 Certification NCI (National Cancer Institute) for Cancer Cells Genebank Standards Impact of QM on Preservation Procedures Impact of QM on Freeze-Drying Assessing Success – Viability is not Enough Confirmation of Organism Identity or Traceable to Source Summary References 7 Biological Resource Centre Business Plan Introduction Key assumptions Outputs and Benefits a Culture Collection Delivers Benefits from a quality managed culture collection Value from CABI’s living collection of fungi and bacteria Examples of outputs from the collection Current revenue lines Future opportunities Mechanisms of Financial Support to Cover Collection Costs Potential sources of funds Commercial Research Programme funding Government department support Sponsorship The Market for Microbial Genetic Resources The economic value of biodiversity Justification for income levels The Argument for Government Support OECD Biological Resource Centre Initiative The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Actions to Design and Implement the Collection Business Plan Summary Some suggested initial partners or links: References Appendix A Microbial Properties of CABI/IMI Strains Enzyme Producing Strains Acid protease Aconitic hydrolase Amino acid oxidase Amylase N-aringinase Blasticidin S deaminase Byssochlamyopeptidase Catalase Cellobiohydrolase D Cellulase Amorphous cellulase a Amylase Cellulolytic enzymes Chitobiosidase Detergent Dextranase Diastase Endopolygalacturonase Esterase Ferrichrome reductase a Fucosidase a-o-Glucosidase b 1,2-Glucanase b 1-6 Glucanase Glucanases Glucoamylase Glucose oxidase b Glucosidase b Glucosidase b Glucosidase (intracellular) Kynureninase enzymes Lipase Lipolytic enzymes Maltase NAD dependent lactate dehydrogenase Pectate lyase Pectinases Pectinesterase Penicillin amidase Pepsin 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase Polygalacturonase Protease Protease (extracellular) Proteolytic enzymes Pullan 4-glucanhydrolase Purine beta ribonucleosidase Ribonuclease U1 Saccharifying enzymes Tannase Threonine synthase Trypsin Metabolite Producing Strains Acetaldehyde 3-Acetylvomitoxin 1’-O-Aetylpaxilline Acidicolin cis-Aconitic acid decarboxylase Acronycine Aflatoxin Aflatoxin M Aflatoxin S Aflatoxin B1 from sterigmatocystin Alboleersin Alcohol (industrial production) Alpha Dicarboxylic acid Altenuic acid Alternarin Alternariol Aernarolmethylether Di-fumaryl alanine Alternuene Altertoxin Amodin A Amodin B Anditesin C Anditomin Angolide Anhydro-fusarubin Anhydro-fusarubin Antheridiol (mycohormone) Aphidicolin Aphidicolin Arugosin Aspergillin Asperphenamate Asperthecin Asterric acid Asterriquinone Atrovenetin Auranthine Aurantiamine Aurasperone a Aurasperone b Aurasperone c Aurasperone d Aurasperone (iso) Aurofusarin Auroglaucin Austdiol Austocystin Averufin Base from lactic acid Base from creatine Beauvericin Benzophenone Bikaverin (antiprotozoal) Bisdechlorogeodin Botrydial Brefeldin Brefeldin A Brevianamide A Brevianamide B Brevianamide M Butenolide Butenolide (on corngrits agar ) Butenolide (on YES agar) Byssochlamic acid C16-Ene-diyne C10H10O4 C15H18O4 C21H28O10 triacetate(trichothecene) C19H24O9 diacetate(trichothecene) C27H28N2O4 C29H35NO5 C11H10O5 C11H11ClO4 C14H12O6 Caffeine Calonectrin Candidulin b di Carboxylic acid Carlosic acid 2-Carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyphenyl acetyl carbinol Carlosic acid Carolic acid b Carotenes Carotenoids Catenarin Cercosporin Cheaotoglobosin C Chlorine containing 3-Chloro 5,2dihydroxy3,7,8-trimethoxyflavone Cholic acid Chrysogenin Chrysophanol Citreoviridin Citric acid Citric acid (from beet molasses) Citric acid (in submerged culture) Citrinin Citromycetin Clorflavonin (patented strain) Crotocin Culmorin Culmorone Curvulin Curvulinic acid Cyclopaldic acid Cyclopenin Cyclopenin Cyclopenol Cyclopeptin a Cyclopiazonic acid Cyclopiazonic acid Cyclopolic acid Cynodotin Cytochalasin C Cytochalasin D Cytochalasin E Cytochalasin G Cytochalasins Deacetylcalonectrin 3Deactylcalonectrin (trichothecin) 15Deacetyl8oxocalonectrin Deoxyherqueinone Deoxynivalenol (on YES agar) Desacetylpebrolide Desferritriacetylfusigen Desmethoxyviridin Desoxyrosenonolactone Dessferri-ferricrocin Diacetoxysciripenol Diacetoxyscirpenol (on YES agar) Dialkylresorcinol Dihydrobotrydial Dihydrocitrinone 7,8-Dihydroxycalonectrin 3:5 Dihydroxycarboxyphenylacetylcarbinol acid Dihydro paraherquimide 5,6,Dimethyoxysterigmatocystin 3,15DIOH12,13Epoxytrichothec9ene 3,15DIOH12,13Epoxytrichothec9en8one 7,8-DIOHcalonectrin Dipicolinic acid Diversonol Duclauxin Echinulin by isoprenylation of cycl l-alanyl-l-tryptophanyl Emericellopsin A Emericellopsin B Emodic acid Equisetin Erdin Eremofortin Ergochrome secalonic acid D Ergokryptine Ergosterol Ergosterol palmitate Ergotamine Erythroglaucin Erythroskyrin Ethisolide Ethyl acetate Ethyl alcohol Ethylene oxide Ethyleneoxide dicarboxylic acid Eugenitin Equestin Extracellular polysaccharide F2 Toxin Fat Flavasperone Flavicin Flaviolin Flavipin Flavoglaucin Flavoskyrin Fonsecin Fonsecin monomethylether Frequentin Fucidin Fulvic acid Fumagillin Fumaric acid Fumigacin Fumigatin Fumitremorgin B Fungitoxic alcohols and fatty acid Fumonisin B1 Fumonisin B2 Fusarenone Fusarin C Fuscin Fusidic acid Galactocarlose Gentisic acid Gentisyl alcohol Geodin Gibberellic acid Glioresein Gliotoxin Gliovirin Gluco-delta lactone Gluconic acid Glycerol Helenine Helminthosporin (iso) Helvolic acid Herqueinone Heveadride HT-2 toxin (on YES agar) Humicolin 5-Hydroxyaspertin M Hydroxybenzoic acid 8-Hydroxycalonectrin 15-Hydroxyculmorone 15-Hydroxyculmorin 12-Hydroxyculmorin 5-Hydroxyculmorin 8-Hydroxyellipticines 6-hydroxymethyleugenin 9-Hydroxy pre helminthosporol 9-Hydroxyellipticines Hydroxyprogesterone I-Erythritol Indigo pigment Iridoskyrin Islandicin Islanditoxin Itaconic acid Javanicin Kojic acid L-dopa (by bioconversion) Lachnelluloic acid Lactic acid Lapidosin Luteic acid Luteoleersin Luteose Lysergic acid Macrosporin Malic acid Mannitol Mannocarlose Meleagrin 4-methoxytoluquinol 3-Methyl-6-methoxy-8-hydroxy-3-4-dihydrosocoumarin 3-Methylorsellinic acid 6-Methylsalicylic acid o-Methylsterigmatocystin Mevalonate derivatives Minioluteic acid Moniliformin Moniliformin (on YES agar) Monocerin Multicolic acid Multicolosic acid Mycelianamide Mycogone (antagonistic substance) Mycophenolic acid Mycotoxin (unspecified) Nalgiolaxin Nalgiovense Nectriapyronone Neosolaniol (on YES agar) Nidulin Nigrifortine b Nitropropionic acid Nivalenol Nornidulin Northerqueinone Notatin Noxiversin Ochratoxin Ochratoxin A Organic acids (6) Organic acids (8) Orsellinic acid Oxalic acid Oxysporone Palitantin Paraherquimide Paraherquamide Patulin (clavacin) Paxilline Pencolide Penicillic acid Penitrem A Pennigritrem C37H44ClNO6 L-Phenylalanine anhydride Physcion Physcion anthranol Pimaydolide Pink-Mauve pigment (exposed to long wave UV) Pithoimycolides Polysaccharide PR toxin Protein Pseudonigeron(1-3)alpha-D-glucan Puberculic acid Pulvinone derivatives Pyrenophorin Quadrilineatin Questin Questinol Qurantiogliocladin Radarins A Radarins D Radicinin Resorcinol Resorcinol derivatives Riboflavin Roquefortine A Roquefortine B Roquefortine C Rosenonolactone Rosololactone Rubratoxin Rubratoxin A Rubratoxin B Rubrofusarin Rubroglaucin Rubroskyrin Rubrosulphin Rubrotiorin Rugulosin Rugulovasine Salnopyrone A (in presence of chick pea tissue) Salanopyrone C (in presence of chick pea tissue) Sambucinol Sambucoin Sclerin Sclerotiorin Scytalone Secalonic acid (ergochrome) Shamixanthon Sirodesmin A Sirodesmin B Sirodesmin C Sirodesmin G Skyrin Spiculisporic acid Spinulosin Sporidesmins Sporidesmolides I Sporidesmolides III Sporidesmolides IV Sporidesmolides V Stellatin Stemlon Sterigmatocystin o-Methyl-sterigmatocystin Steroids Sterol binding polysaccharides Stipitatic acid Succinic acid trans-2,3-epoxysuccinic acid Sulochrin Synnematin B T-2 toxin (on YES agar) Tajixanthone Tardin Tenuazoic acid Terramide A Terramide C Terrein Terrestric acid Tetronic acid (antitumour / antibacterial activity) Toxin Trichodermin Trichodermol (roridin C) Trichothecin Tricothecenes Ustic acid Uuroglaucin Varianose Veratryl alcohol (in lignin degredation) Veratryl alcohol Vermiculine Vermopyrone Verruculogen Verrucofortine Verrucosidin Versiconal acetate Versimide insecticide activity Viomellein Viopurpurin Viridamine Viridic acid Viridicatic acid Viridicatin Viridicatol Viridin Viridiol Viriditoxin Vomitoxin Wortmannin Wortmannolone Xanthomegin Zearalenone Zearalenone (on YES agar) b-Trans-Zearalenol trans-Zearalenol Antibiotic Producing Strains Alamethicin Aminoglycoside G-418 Antitumour antibiotic Anti viral agent Caldariomycin Cephalosporin C Cephalosporin N Cephalosporin P Funicin Griseofulvin Lincomycin sulphates Lincomycin sulphoxides Penicillic acid see metabolites Penicillin (Fleming isolate) Penicillin Penicillin (commercial) Penicillin (in submerged culture) Penicillin (in surface culture) Penicillin N Food and Beverage Strains Animal feed Awamori alcoholic beverage Baking strains Beef flavouring strain Beef tenderising strain Beer (Whitbread strain) Mushrooms (fruiting bodies) Oyster mushrooom Penicillium powder for bluing cheese Single cell protein Soy sauce Mycoparasites (Fungal Pathogens) Agaric mushroom Agaricus bisporus Agaricus bisporus Agaricus sp. Mushroom Mushroom sporophores Penicillium frequentans Penicillium purpurescens Penicillium waksmanni Pilobolus crystallinus Rhizoctonia Russula sp. Biological Control Agents Acridids (potential) Citrus weevil (potential) Coffee disease (potential) Grasshopper / locust Gryllidae (potential) Locust Onion white rot Orthoptera (potential) Pythium ultimum Root borer (potential) Root grub (potential) Scapanes australis Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Sclerotinia sp. Sitona discoideus (potential) Teleogryllus (potential) Unspecified (potential) Various Substrates Alkali (from pulp manufacture) Coal spoil material Coal tip Coconut matting Conveyor belt (textile) in coal mine Coprophilous organisms Coprophilous (animal dung) Coprophilous (antelope dung) Coprophilous (bat dung) Coprophilous (buffalo dung) Coprophilous (burro dung) Coprophilous (camel dung) Coprophilous (carnivore dung) Coprophilous (cat dung) Coprophilous (chicken dung) Coprophilous (cockroach dung) Coprophilous (cow dung) Coprophilous (deer dung) Coprophilous (dog dung) Coprophilous (elephant dung) Coprophilous (field mouse dung) Coprophilous (frog dung) Coprophilous (giraffe dung) Coprophilous (goat dung) Coprophilous (guinea pig dung) Coprophilous (hare dung) Coprophilous (herbovore dung) Coprophilous (horse dung) Coprophilous (human) Coprophilous (kangaroo dung) Coprophilous (lizard dung) Coprophilous (Malayan squirrel dung) Coprophilous (marmot dung) Coprophilous (millipede droppings) Coprophilous (mircocavia dung) Coprophilous (moose dung) Coprophilous (mouse dung) Coprophilous (opossum dung) Coprophilous (pack rat dung) Coprophilous (partridge dung) Coprophilous (pony dung) Coprophilous (porcupine dung) Coprophilous (rabbit dung) Coprophilous (rabbit hutch dung) Coprophilous (rat dung) Coprophilous (rock hyrax dung) Coprophilous (rodent dung) Coprophilous (sheep dung) Coprophilous (squirrel dung) Coprophilous (toad dung) Coprophilous (unspecified) Coprophilous (weasel dung) Coprophilous (wolf dung) Coprophilous (woodchuck dung) Coprophilous (zebra dung) Coprophilous (Mus formosanus dung) Eelworms Fermenter system at elevated temperature Foam sample Nematodes Nematophagous (Hepialis sp.) Nematophagous Pickled cured fish (spoilage) River foam Rock Sacking Saline soil Sewage Sewage beds Symbiont (lichen mycobiont) Waste water Biodeteriogens, Biodegraders/Utilizers Acetic preserve Aircraft fuel tank Alkali pulp manufacture Animal specimen in formalin Army socks Art Artificial leather Artificial leather cloth Asbestos cord Asbestos substitute building Aviation fuel Baby powder Balsa blocks in river Balsa wood submerged in patuxent river Batter pudding BEA vanguard wing tank Betacyanin Betaxanthin Binocular lens Bitumen treated cardboard Blue stain (wood spoilage) Bromthymol blue indicator solution N-Butane Canteen cover Cannery (walls and ceiling) Canvas Canvas bag (Officer’s) Canvas in mine Cellophane (buried in soil) Cellophane (weathering treated) Cellophane in sand Cellophane paper Cellulose Cellulose board Cellulose fibres Cellulosic material Cellulosic material (buried in forest soil) Cellulosic material (India) Cellulosic soil buried in forest material Charcoal Cigar tobacco Cloth Coal spoil Coal mine spoilage Concrete wall Contact lens Copper electroplating solution Copper sulphate solution Cotton Cotton (American) Cotton (Egyptian) Cotton fabric Cotton textile Cotton yarn Creosoted wood Crude oil Cutting fluid Dextrin paste Diesel Diso naval fuel Distilled water container Earthenware plant pot Electrical equipment Electrical fuse Electrical wire sleeving Explosives Film (deteriorated) Flannel bag Formalin tanks (surface) Fuel filters Gelatine factory effluent Glycerine Glyphosphate solution Hardwood Heat seal foil material Hydaulic oil Ice cream carton Industrial waste Insect moulting hormones Iron bark in cooling tower Italian talcum powder Jet fuel Kerosene filter pad Kerosene fuel filter Label (museum) Leather Leather boot Lignin Linseed oil based red primer Lubricating oil Manilla fibre Marine diesel oil Metal working fluid Military equipment (deterioratinng) Mine timber Mines Mould proofing Mattress cover Mussels in preserving fluid Nylon Oil palm trunk Ointment Optical instrument Paint Paint (emulsion with chromate) Paint (phenolic tung-Zn oxide/chromate) Paint (PVA emulsion) Paint (red lead) Painted beach box Painted surface metal amplifier case Paint (white lead) Painted wood Paintwork Palm oil Paper - 17th century rag-paper document Paper Paper (damp) Paper mill slime Paper pulp Paracetamol tablet Parachute nylon Paradise nuts Paraffin wax p-digunidino-benzoyl-l-glutamic acid hydrochloride Penicillium powder for blueing cheese (Denmark) Pilot plant usng kerosene for copper extraction Pinus strobus boards Plaster and wallpaper Plastic Plastic covered nylon sail cover Polycaprolactone polyurethane Polyester based Polyurethane sheet Polyester polyurethane Polyester polyurethane foam Polyether polyurethane Polypropylene diver’s hose Polyurethane Polyurethane coated fabric Polyurethane coated fabric Polyurethane foam Polyurethane footware Polyurethane products Polyurethanes used in soil burial experiments Poplin fabric Potassium thiocyanate containing mercuric nitrate Preservative treated telegraph pole PVA emulsion PVA emulsion paint PVC PVC covered wallpaper Quinine containing medicine Radio equipment Radio set Rubber Sawdust Seed -Organo mercury treated Shoe leather Silcoset test panel Silk screen of duplicating machine Starch Stone Sugar sack Synthetic rubber Talcum powder Tanning liquor Tent canvas Tent canvas Termites Test block Textile exposure test sample Textile in soil Textiles Vinyl pyridine latex Vinyl wall covering Wallpaper Water bag Wine bottle cork Wood Wood rotting fungi Wood (from mine) Wood pulp chips Wood pulp chips of Pinus sylvestris Wood (treated with preservatives) Wood rot (Abies alba) Wood - dry rot Wood rot (Abies balsamea) Wood rot (Abies balsamea) Wood rot (Abies concolor) Wood rot (Abies sp.) Wood rot (Acer negundo) Wood rot (Acer sp.) Wood rot (Albies balsamea) Wood rot (Alnus glutinosa) Wood rot (Alnus incana) Wood rot (Alnus sp.) Wood rot (Alnus sp.) Wood rot (Araucaria sp.) Wood rot (Astronium balansae) Wood rot (Betula lutea) Wood rot (Betula papyrifera) Wood rot (Betula sp.) Wood rot (brickwork) Wood rot (Carya aquatica) Wood rot (Carya sp.) Wood rot (Cassia siamea) Wood rot (Cassipourea elliottii) Wood rot (Cassipourea elliottii) Wood rot (Castanea sativa) Wood rot (Chamearops sp.) Wood rot (chipboard) Wood rot (Citrus sp.) Wood rot (Cocus mucifera leaves) Wood rot (conifer) Wood rot (Corylus avellana) Wood rot (Crataegus sp.) Wood rot (Cupressus sp.) Wood rot (Dalbergia sp.) Wood rot (Elaeis guineensis) Wood rot (Erigthrina crista-galli) Wood rot (Eucalyptus marginata) Wood rot (Eucalyptus paniculata) Wood rot (Eugenia uniflora) Wood rot (Fagus sp.) Wood rot (Fagus sylvatica) Wood rot (fibre board) Wood rot (Fragus sp.) Wood rot (Fraxinus excelsior) Wood rot (Fraxinus sp.) Wood rot (hardwood) Wood rot (Hevea brasiliensis) Wood rot (Hevea sp.) Wood rot (Hevea sp.) Wood rot (Hevea sp.) Wood rot (Juniperus bermudiana) Wood rot (Juniperus procera) Wood rot (Khaya sp.) Wood rot (Larix decidua) Wood rot (Larix kaempferi) Wood rot (Larix laricina) Wood rot (Larix sp.) Wood rot (Magnolia sp.) Wood rot (Malus sp.) Wood rot (Mitragnya sp.) Wood rot (Ocotea rodiaeri) Wood rot (Olex aquifolium) Wood rot (Peltophorum dubium) Wood rot (Picea excelsia) Wood rot (Picea abies) Wood rot (Picea albeis) Wood rot (Picea canadensis) Wood rot (Picea excelsa) Wood rot (Picea glauca) Wood rot (Picea mariana) Wood rot (Picea sitchensis) Wood rot (Picea sitchensis) Wood rot (Picea sitchensis) Wood rot (Picea sitchensis) Wood rot (Picea sp.) Wood rot (Pinus) Wood rot (Pinus caribaea) Wood rot (Pinus nigra subsp. larico) Wood rot (Pinus nigra subsp. larico) Wood rot (Pinus resinosa) Wood rot (Pinus sp.) Wood rot (Pinus strobus) Wood rot (Podocarpus sp.) Wood rot (Populus sp.) Wood rot (Populus tremuloides) Wood rot (Populus tremuloides) Wood rot (Prunus avium) Wood rot (Prunus sp.) Wood rot (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Wood rot (Pseudotsuga sp.) Wood rot (Pycnanthus angolensis) Wood rot (Quercus albus) Wood rot (Quercus ilex) Wood rot (Quercus sp.) Wood rot (Robinia