Management of Irrigation and Water Supply Under Climatic Extremes: Empirical Analysis and Policy Lessons from India (Global Issues in Water Policy, 25)

This volume provides a theoretical basis for the argument that available research that analyzes the impacts of climate on hydrology, water resources, and water systems, without factoring in the effect of climate variability, are inadequate and often misleading. Also, the book empirically shows that the impacts of climate variability on hydrology and water resources, and irrigation, water supply & sanitation systems are far more pronounced than the likely impacts of future change in climate. The book discusses technological, institutional and policy alternatives for reducing these impacts on various competitive use sectors, especially, irrigation, and water supply and sanitation through case studies of river basins in different hydrological setting. To set the context, the volume first presents the long term trends in precipitation and temperature in different regions of India, and compares them against inter-annual, inter-seasonal and intra-day variations in climatic parameters, to show how their differential impacts on water resources. Preface Acknowledgement Contents Contributors About the Editors List of Figures List of Maps and Diagram List of Tables Chapter 1: Climate Risks for Irrigation, Water Supply and Sanitation in India: Overview and Synthesis 1.1 Context 1.1.1 Rainfall Variability in India 1.1.2 Temporal Variability in India ́s Climate 1.1.3 Spatial Variability in Climate 1.2 Rationale for the Book 1.2.1 Analyzing the Implications for Water Management Institutions 1.2.2 Implications of Regional Climate for Planning and Designing of WASH Systems 1.2.3 Designing Climate-Resilient WASH Systems, Informed by Risk Assessment 1.3 Objectives and Scope 1.4 Structure and Organization References Chapter 2: Climate Variability and Its Implications for Water Management in India 2.1 Introduction 2.2 India ́s Water Sector: Development Paradigms and Policies 2.3 Rainfall Variability in India 2.3.1 Temporal Variability in Rainfall 2.4 Variability in Climate in India 2.4.1 Humidity 2.4.2 Temperature 2.4.3 Wind Speed 2.4.4 Solar Radiation 2.4.5 Spatial Variability in Climate 2.5 How Has Indian Rainfall Been Changing over Time? 2.6 Basic Characteristics of Water Systems in India 2.7 Findings and Conclusions References Chapter 3: Water Management Challenges of Climate Extremes: A Case Study of Adaptive Strategies and Management Options 3.1 Introduction 3.2 An Overview of Mahanadi River Basin 3.2.1 Topography, Climate, Land Use, Soils and Demography 3.2.2 Surface and Ground Water Availability and Water Quality 3.3 Detailed Analysis of Surface Hydrology and Geohydrology 3.3.1 Rainfall, Stream-Flows and Groundwater 3.3.1.1 Observed Flows in the Mahanadi 3.3.1.2 Groundwater Resources 3.3.2 Analysis of Surface Hydrology in Chhattisgarh Part of Mahanadi Basin 3.3.3 Analysis of Groundwater Resources of Mahanadi Basin 3.3.3.1 Middle Mahanadi Basin 3.3.3.2 Upper Mahanadi Basin 3.4 Climate Change Issues in Chhattisgarh with Particular Reference to Mahanadi Basin 3.4.1 Analysis of Rainfall as a Climate Variable in Mahanadi River Basin 3.4.2 Rainfall Characteristics 3.4.3 Long-Term Changes in Rainfall and Its Characteristics 3.5 Current State of Water Resources Development and Water Allocation 3.6 Water Balance Scenarios for Chhattisgarh Part of Mahanadi Basin 3.6.1 Future Water Demand Under Business-as-Usual Scenario 3.6.1.1 Irrigation and Livestock Water Demands 3.6.1.2 Domestic Water Demand: Population and Urbanization Projection 3.6.1.3 Industrial Water Demand 3.6.2 Future Water Balance Scenario of Chhattisgarh Part of Mahanadi Basin 3.6.2.1 The Drought Scenario 3.6.3 Findings from WEAP Modelling 3.7 Strategies for Meeting Future Water Requirements Under Climate Change and Socio-Economic Processes 3.7.1 Supply Augmentation Strategies 3.7.2 Strategies for End Use Conservation, Including Pollution Reduction 3.7.3 Improving Water Use Efficiency in Thermal Power Production 3.8 Adapting to Climate Variability and Change 3.8.1 Addressing Projected Future Demands Given Climate Change 3.8.2 Coping with Extreme Events References Chapter 4: Managing Climate-Induced Water Risks: A Case Study of Institutional Alternatives 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Present Practice of Water Resources Evaluation, Planning and Management 4.2.1 Data Collection and Analysis 4.2.2 Methodology for Resource Evaluation 4.2.2.1 Surface Water 4.2.2.2 Groundwater 4.2.3 Strategies for Water Resources Management 4.2.4 Climate Change Issues in Chhattisgarh with Particular Reference to Mahanadi Basin 4.2.5 Current Practices of Considering Climate Change Issues and Adaptation Strategies in Water Resources Management 4.3 Current Institutional Set Up and Policies in the Water Resources Management Sector in Chhattisgarh 4.3.1 Various Line Agencies in the Water Resources Sector of Chhattisgarh and Their Technical and Institutional Capacities 4.3.2 Existing Policies Governing Water Resources Development and Water Management 4.3.3 Current Knowledge Gaps in Water Resources Management 4.3.4 Governance of Water in Chhattisgarh Part of Mahanadi Basin and the Emerging Issues 4.3.4.1 Defining Water Governance 4.3.4.2 Current Governance Issues in the Water Sector of Chhattisgarh Multiple Governance Structures Choosing the Wrong Governance Unit Absence of Rules for Allocation of Water Across Sectors 4.4 Institutional, Legal and Policy Alternatives 4.4.1 Institutional Capacity Building Needs for Improving Climate Change Adaptation in the Water Resources Sector 4.4.1.1 Institutional Reforms 4.4.1.2 Strengthening of Various Organizations and Local Institutional Development 4.4.2 Governance Reforms 4.4.3 Legal and Policy Reforms 4.5 Conclusions References Chapter 5: Planning for Water Resources Management Under Climatic Extremes: The Case Study of a Hyper-Arid Region 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Luni River Basin: A Bird ́s Eye View 5.3 The Basin Hydrology and Groundwater Resources 5.3.1 Rainfall in the Basin 5.3.2 Hydrology and Geohydrology 5.4 Basin ́s Water Use: The Socio-economic Drivers 5.5 Methodology and Analytical Procedure for Water Accounting 5.6 Analysis of Basin Water Accounts 5.6.1 Estimation of Virgin Flows in Luni River Basin 5.6.2 Estimating Rainfall-Runoff Relationships 5.6.3 Estimating Replenishable Groundwater 5.6.4 Imported Water 5.6.5 Evaporation from Reservoirs 5.6.6 Consumptive Water Use Through Irrigation 5.6.7 Domestic Water Use in Luni Basin 5.6.8 Livestock Water Use in the Basin 5.6.8.1 Industrial Water Use in Luni River Basin 5.6.9 Summary of Water Accounts 5.7 District IWRM Planning 5.7.1 Challenges of District IWRM Planning 5.7.2 Analysing Water Demand in the District 5.7.2.1 Irrigation Water Demand 5.7.2.2 Domestic Water Demand 5.7.2.3 Livestock Water Demand 5.7.2.4 Industrial Water Demand 5.7.2.5 Total Water Demand 5.7.3 Utilizable Water Supplies 5.7.4 Balancing Demand and Supply 5.8 Water Management Interventions at the District Level 5.8.1 Expanding Area Under Micro-irrigation and Mulching 5.8.2 Reducing Irrigated Area 5.8.3 Mining of Groundwater Reserves 5.9 Conclusions References Chapter 6: Planning of Rural Water Supply Systems: Role of Climatic Factors and Other Considerations 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Current Norms for Planning Rural Water Supply Schemes in India 6.3 Inadequacies of the Current Norms 6.4 How Do Climatic Factors Influence Rural Household Water Needs? 6.5 How Socio-economic Factors Influence Rural Household Water Needs? 6.5.1 Impact of Income on Domestic Water Needs 6.5.2 Impact of Occupational Profile on Productive Water Needs 6.5.3 Impact of Water Price on Domestic Water Consumption 6.6 Per Capita Water Requirement for Drinking and Cooking 6.7 Per Capita Water Requirement for Sanitation and Hygiene 6.8 Water for Livestock 6.9 Water for Kitchen Garden 6.10 Summary 6.11 Conclusions and Policy Inferences References Chapter 7: A Framework for Assessing Climate-Induced Risk for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Climate Risk and Resilience: Review of Literature 7.2.1 Studies on Climate Risk in WASH 7.2.2 Various Indices on Climate Vulnerability and Resilience 7.3 An Index for Assessing Climate-Induced Risk in Water and Sanitation 7.3.1 Index Development for Assessing Climate-Induced Risk in WASH 7.3.2 Factors Influencing Climate-Induced Hazard in WASH 7.3.3 Factors Influencing Community ́s Exposure to Hazards 7.3.4 Factors Influencing Community Vulnerability to Hazards 7.4 Computation of the Composite Index 7.5 Conclusions References Chapter 8: Mapping Climate-Induced Risk for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene in Maharashtra 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Methodology 8.2.1 Computation of the Composite Index 8.2.2 Data Types and Sources 8.3 Computed WASH Risk Index for Vidarbha and Marathwada Regions 8.4 The Factors Contributing to High Climate Risk in Certain Districts 8.5 Physical Strategies to Reduce WASH Risk 8.6 Institutional Setup and Capacity Building Measures for Improving Climate Resilience of WASH Programmes 8.6.1 Existing Government Institutions in Maharashtra WASH Sector 8.6.2 Institutional Preparedness and Programmes to Check Climate-Induced Hazards 8.6.3 Measures to Reduce Exposure of WASH Systems to Climate-Induced Hazards 8.6.4 Measures to Reduce Community Vulnerability to Climate-Induced Hazards 8.6.5 Suggested Capacity Building Measures 8.6.5.1 Capacity Building of Stakeholders 8.6.5.2 Technical Strategies 8.6.5.3 Disaster Preparedness 8.7 Conclusions References Chapter 9: Predictions of Disease Spikes Induced by Climate Variability: A Pilot Real Time Forecasting Model Project from Maha... 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Methodology 9.2.1 Data Acquisition, Warehousing and Display 9.2.2 Disease Modelling 9.3 Results 9.3.1 Web portal 9.3.2 Disease Modelling 9.4 Discussion and Conclusion References Chapter 10: Mapping Climate-Induced Risk for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene in Rajasthan 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Rajasthan: System Characteristics and Spatial Variations 10.2.1 Water Supply 10.2.2 Sanitation in Rural and Urban Areas 10.3 Factors Influencing the Access to and Use of Water 10.3.1 Natural, Physical, Socioeconomic and Institutional Factors Influencing Access to and Use of Water 10.3.1.1 Natural Environment 10.3.1.2 Droughts and Floods 10.3.2 Physical Environment 10.3.3 Socio-economic Environment 10.3.3.1 Population, Population Density and Urbanization 10.3.3.2 Rajasthan Urban Development Policy 10.3.3.3 Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 10.3.3.4 Social Ingenuity in Dealing with Droughts 10.3.4 Existing Policies and Norms 10.4 Mapping Climate-Induced WASH Risk in Rajasthan 10.4.1 Modifying the Climate Risk Index for Rajasthan 10.4.2 Computation of the Composite Index 10.4.3 Estimates of WASH Risk Index for Rajasthan Districts 10.5 Analysing the Link Between Climate-Induced WASH Risk and Public Health Impacts of Disruptions in WASH Services 10.6 Conclusions References Chapter 11: Action Plans for Building Climate-Resilient Water Supply and Sanitation Systems: Results from Case Studies 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Methodology 11.2.1 Case Study Area 11.2.2 Analysis of Climate Risk in WASH in Rural Areas of Barmer and Sirohi 11.2.3 Planning of Technical and Institutional Measures 11.2.4 Stakeholders ́ Consultations 11.3 Variations in Factors Influencing Climate-Induced WASH Risks in Rural Areas of Barmer and Sirohi 11.3.1 Barmer District 11.3.2 Conditions in Sirohi 11.4 Existing Institutional and Technical Arrangements for Climate-Resilient WASH Services in the two Districts 11.4.1 Institutional Set-up for Delivering WASH Services in Rural Areas 11.4.2 Situation of Rural Water Supply in Sirohi and Barmer 11.4.3 Districts ́ Preparedness for Ensuring WASH Services during Climate-Induced Hazards 11.5 Gaps in the Existing Strategies for Delivering Climate-Resilient WASH Services in the Selected Districts 11.5.1 Institutional 11.5.2 Technical 11.6 Action Plans to Improve the Climate Resilience of WASH in Two Arid Districts 11.6.1 Important Factors Influencing Climate-Induced WASH Risk 11.6.2 Suggested Technical Measures 11.6.3 Suggested Institutional Measures 11.7 Conclusion References Chapter 12: Managing Climate-Induced Water Stress Across the Agro-Ecological Regions of India: Options and Strategies 12.1 Introduction 12.2 India ́s Rainfall-Climate and Surface Hydrology 12.3 India ́s Geohydrology and Groundwater Situation 12.4 India ́s Topography and Water Situation 12.5 Strategies for Addressing Climate-Induced Risk in Water Supply 12.6 Strategies for Addressing Climate-Induced Risk in Irrigation 12.6.1 Technologies to Change the Trajectory of Irrigation Development 12.6.1.1 Manually Operated Pumps and Micro Diesel Engines in Water-Abundant Regions 12.6.2 Technologies for Water Productivity Improvement 12.6.3 Transfer of Water from Abundant to Scarce Regions 12.6.4 Groundwater Banking and (Intermediate) Tank Storage 12.7 Institutional and Policy Choices for Improving Drinking Water and Irrigation Water Security 12.7.1 Drinking Water Security 12.7.1.1 Inter-Sectoral Water Allocation Policies 12.7.1.2 Investment Policies in Rural Water Supply 12.7.1.3 Policies Relating to Selection of Source and Technology for Rural Water Supply 12.7.1.4 Policies Relating to Selection of Institutional Models 12.7.1.5 Policies and Norms on Water Supply Levels 12.7.1.6 Policies on Pricing of Water Supplies and Subsidies 12.7.2 Irrigation Water Security 12.8 Conclusions References Chapter 13: Conclusions and Areas for Future Research 13.1 Summary and Conclusions 13.2 Areas for Future Research References Index