Malaise in Representation in Latin American Countries : Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay

This Edited Volume Examines Malaise With Democracy Within Three Middle-income Latin American Countries - Chile, Argentina And Uruguay. In Particular, The Book Focuses On The Gap Within Public Opinion On Democratic System Within The Context Of Crisis Of Representation And Breakdowns Of Democracy. Based On A Study Using Comparative And Systematic Survey Data, The Contributors Of This Volume Provide A Solid Analysis On The State Of Democracy In Three Latin American Countries, Whose Lessons Are Useful For All Types Of Democracy, In The North And The South. Machine Generated Contents Note: 1. Malaise In Representation: Attitudes, Beliefs, Behaviors, And Causalities / Claudio Fuentes -- Pt. I Chile, A Chronic Malaise With And Among Elites -- 2. Discontent, Collective Protest, And Social Movements In Chile / Nicolas M. Somma -- 3. Malaise And Democracy In Chile / Carolina Segovia -- 4. Elite -- Mass Congruence In Chile / Peter M. Siavelis -- 5. Malaise In Representation In Chile: An 18-year-old Debate In Search Of Evidence / Patricio Navia -- Pt. Ii Uruguay, The Antonym Of Malaise -- 6. Political Opportunity Structure, Social Movements, And Malaise In Representation In Uruguay, 1985 -- 2014 / Victor Tricot -- 7. Weak Malaise With Democracy In Uruguay / Daniel Chasquetti -- 8. Political Congruence In Uruguay, 2014 / Lucia Selios -- 9. Uruguay: A Counterexample Of Malaise In Representation: A Propitious Transformation Of The Old Party Democracy / Rafael Pineiro -- Pt. Iii Argentina, The Malaise As Routine -- 10. Protest, Social Movements, And Malaise In Political Representation In Argentina / Sebastian Pereyra -- 11. Malaise In Political Representation: Citizen Attitudes And Sociocultural Tensions In Argentine Democracy / Federico Lorenc Valcarce -- 12. Mass -- Elite Congruence And Representation In Argentina / Zach Warner -- 13. Political Representation And Malaise In Representation In Present-day Argentina / Gabriel Vommaro -- 14. Malaise As A Symptom Of Conflict: Argentina, Chile, And Uruguay In Comparative Perspective / Timothy J. Power. Alfredo Joignant, Mauricio Morales, Claudion Fuentes; Editors. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Foreword 5 Note 7 Contents 8 Contributors 10 List of Figures 14 List of Tables 16 List of Diagrams 18 Chapter 1: Malaise in Representation: Attitudes, Beliefs, Behaviors, and Causalities 19 Introduction 19 Theory of Malaise and Case Studies 21 Social Inequality and Malaise 28 From Support for Democracy to Legitimacy 31 Bias in Representation 33 The Three “D”s of Malaise with Democracy 38 Operationalization 40 Why Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay? Congruence Analysis and Its Limits 47 Conclusions 50 Notes 51 References 54 Part I: Chile, a Chronic Malaise with and Among Elites 62 Chapter 2: Discontent, Collective Protest, and Social Movements in Chile 63 Introduction 63 How Markets Generate Social Discontent 65 Governments Do Not Temper Market Damages 68 Institutional Constraints for Addressing Discontent 69 How Social Movements Translate Diffuse Discontent into Collective Action 71 Social Discontent and Protest Activities: Survey Data 73 Conclusions 79 Notes 81 References 81 Chapter 3: Malaise and Democracy in Chile 85 Introduction 85 Determinants of Malaise 86 The Causes of Malaise: Explaining Distrust, Disaffection, and Disapproval 87 Determinants of Participation in Political Protest 89 Methodology and Data 90 Results 91 Trends in Malaise 91 Relationship Between Attitudinal and Behavioral Dimensions of Malaise 93 Determinants of Malaise and of Political Participation 96 Consequences of Malaise 99 Conclusions 102 Appendix 103 References 105 Chapter 4: Elite–Mass Congruence in Chile 109 Introduction 109 Elite–Mass Congruence in Chile 112 Data and Methods 115 Support for Democracy 116 Social Order4 117 Ideological Self-Position 118 Chile’s Most Important Problems: The Link Between Education, Inequality and Poverty 120 Confidence in and Perceptions of Institutions 124 Political Parties 126 Role of the State 127 Implications and Conclusions 130 Notes 132 References 132 Chapter 5: Malaise in Representation in Chile: An 18-Year-Old Debate in Search of Evidence 135 The Start of the Debate 136 Malaise in Representation in Chile Today 144 Are Chileans Satisfied? 146 The Debate About Malaise and Discontent Today 149 Conclusion 150 Notes 150 References 151 Part II: Uruguay, the Antonym of Malaise 153 Chapter 6: Political Opportunity Structure, Social Movements, and Malaise in Representation in Uruguay, 1985–2014 154 Introduction: Social Protest and Malaise in Representation 154 The Political Opportunity Structure in Uruguay: Mechanisms of Direct Democracy and Party System 157 Mechanisms of Direct Democracy in Uruguay 157 Political-Social Alliances and Changes of Power 158 Malaise with Democracy? 159 Social Mobilization in Uruguay, 1985–2014 162 1985–1998: Inauguration and Successful Use of MDD from Below 162 1998–2001: Cycle of Failed MDD Initiatives from Below 163 2002–2005: Economic Crisis, Successful Use of MDD from Below, and Historic FA Victory 164 2005–2014: The Left in Power, Tension, and New Balances Between the Political System and Social Movements 166 Political-Social Articulation: The Case of the Trade Union Movement 167 Conclusions 170 Notes 172 References 174 Chapter 7: Weak Malaise with Democracy in Uruguay 176 Introduction 176 Democracy in Uruguay 177 Uruguay’s Political Parties 178 Uruguayan Society 179 Problems, Difficulties, and Dilemmas 180 Building the Dependent Variable 182 Malaise with Democracy in Uruguay 184 Explaining Malaise with Democracy 185 Dependent Variable 186 Independent Variables 186 Malaise with and Support for Democracy 191 Malaise with Democracy and Social Protest 192 Malaise with Democracy and Election Abstention 194 Conclusions 196 Notes 198 References 199 Chapter 8: Political Congruence in Uruguay, 2014 201 Introduction 201 Political Representation, Congruence, and Citizen Malaise 203 The Uruguayan Political System 205 Analysis 207 Congruence on Ideology and Public Issues 208 Congruence on Democratic Values and Policy Evaluation 213 Conclusions 219 Notes 220 Appendix: Graphs of Indicators and Questions 221 Collective 221 Frente Amplio 222 Traditional Block 222 References 223 Chapter 9: Uruguay: A Counterexample of Malaise in Representation: A Propitious Transformation of the Old Party Democracy 225 Introduction 225 Institutionalization as Capacity for Adaptation 227 From the Crisis of the 1960s to the Great Transformation of the 1990s 228 Market Reforms and Restructuring of the Party System 231 Political Innovation and Constitutional Reform 232 The Relationship Between Social Movements and the Party System 236 Competitiveness and Capacity for Institutional Change 237 Conclusions 239 Notes 242 References 243 Part III: Argentina, the Malaise as Routine 246 Chapter 10: Protest, Social Movements, and Malaise in Political Representation in Argentina 247 Introduction 247 Movements and Protest Since the Transition to Democracy 249 Social Protests and Malaise in Representation 252 Protests and Demands Since the Crisis of 2001 252 Types of Demands, Protest, and Links to Politics in Argentina Today 253 Protest, Disaffection, and Attitudes Toward Politics 259 Conclusions: Dimensions of Political Disaffection and Legitimacy of Social Protest 261 Notes 263 References 266 Chapter 11: Malaise in Political Representation: Citizen Attitudes and Sociocultural Tensions in Argentine Democracy 269 Introduction 269 Defining Malaise 270 The First Dimension of Malaise: Disaffection 271 The Second Dimension of Malaise: Disapproval 273 The Third Dimension of Malaise: Distrust 274 Seeking Explanations for Malaise 275 Determinants of Disaffection 276 Determinants of Disapproval 277 Determinants of Distrust 278 Measuring the Effects of Malaise 279 Conclusions 282 Notes 285 Appendix 1. Binary Logistic Regressions for the Three Dimensions of Malaise 285 Appendix 2 Relationships Between Factors That Determine Malaise, Dimensions of Malaise and Democracy 291 References 291 Chapter 12: Mass–Elite Congruence and Representation in Argentina 293 Data, Measurement, and Estimation 295 Discussion 300 Mass–Elite Congruence in Argentina and the Malaise of Representation 305 Notes 307 References 311 Chapter 13: Political Representation and Malaise in Representation in Present-Day Argentina 315 Legacies of a Long Cycle 315 Parties and Governments: Representation Under Scrutiny 316 Parties and Political Competition in the Current Democratic Cycle 317 Representative Governments? Approval and Disapproval in the Recent Political Cycle 323 Social Mobilization and Malaise in Representation in Argentina: Between Representation and Participation 325 Professionalized Civil Society and Frames of Distrust of Politics and Institutions 326 Social Mobilization, State, and Rights: Tensions of the Representative Logic 329 Conclusion 330 Notes 331 References 332 Chapter 14: Malaise as a Symptom of Conflict: Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay in Comparative Perspective 335 Introduction 335 Political Context 337 Effects of the Legacy of the Past 337 Political Representation 339 Generation of Political Expectations 340 Effects of the Economic Cycle 342 The Role of Political Elites 343 Quality of Democracy and Malaise 344 Conclusions 346 References 347 Index 350 Front Matter....Pages i-xix Malaise in Representation: Attitudes, Beliefs, Behaviors, and Causalities....Pages 1-43 Front Matter....Pages 45-45 Discontent, Collective Protest, and Social Movements in Chile....Pages 47-68 Malaise and Democracy in Chile....Pages 69-92 Elite–Mass Congruence in Chile....Pages 93-118 Malaise in Representation in Chile: An 18-Year-Old Debate in Search of Evidence....Pages 119-136 Front Matter....Pages 137-137 Political Opportunity Structure, Social Movements, and Malaise in Representation in Uruguay, 1985–2014....Pages 139-160 Weak Malaise with Democracy in Uruguay....Pages 161-185 Political Congruence in Uruguay, 2014....Pages 187-210 Uruguay: A Counterexample of Malaise in Representation: A Propitious Transformation of the Old Party Democracy....Pages 211-231 Front Matter....Pages 233-233 Protest, Social Movements, and Malaise in Political Representation in Argentina....Pages 235-256 Malaise in Political Representation: Citizen Attitudes and Sociocultural Tensions in Argentine Democracy....Pages 257-280 Mass–Elite Congruence and Representation in Argentina....Pages 281-302 Political Representation and Malaise in Representation in Present-Day Argentina....Pages 303-322 Malaise as a Symptom of Conflict: Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay in Comparative Perspective....Pages 323-337 Back Matter....Pages 339-343