Making a Living Between Crises and Ceremonies in Tana Toraja: The Practice of Everyday Life of a South Sulawesi Highland Community in Indonesia ... Het Koninklijk Instituut Voor Taal-, Land)

The Practice Of Everyday Life In Tana Toraja (south Sulawesi, Indonesia) Is Structured By A Series Of Public Events, Of Which Funerals Are The Most Important. Even After Indonesia Was Hit By An Economic Crisis In The Late 1990s, Thousands Of Extravagant Funeral Ceremonies, Requiring Huge Expenditures, Were Still Organized Each Year. To Understand The Paradoxes And Complexities Of Torajan Livelihoods, Edwin De Jong Develops An Approach That Goes Beyond Existing Economically Biased Perspectives On Livelihoods By Including Both The Cultural And The Economic Realm, Positioned In The Socio-political World With A Transnational Perspective, Placed Against A Historical Background, While Not Losing Sight Of Diversity And Individual Creativity. It Also Advances The Ethnography Of Tana Toraja And The Comparative Study Between Numerous Similar Societies-- Crisis And Ceremonies : An Intriguing Paradox -- Makassar : A Transit City -- Tana Toraja : A Social Labyrinth -- Crisis And Ceremonies : An Intriguing Paradox -- Construing Everyday Life -- Small Places And Large Issues -- Outline Of This Study -- Torajan Livelihoods : The Cultural Dynamics Of Economic Life -- Reconceptualizing Livelihoods -- Livelihood Styles : Beyond Agency And Social Structure -- Livelihood Style Defined -- Livelihoods And Social Space : Networks, Kinship And Houses -- Social Relationships And Networks -- Networks Of Kin -- Beyond Kinship : House Societies -- Moving Beyond Local Boundaries -- 'a Sense Of Place' -- A Conception Of Transnationalism -- Where Do We Go From Here? -- The Larger Torajan World : Migrant Networks And Organizations -- Torajans On The Move -- Before Merantau -- After Merantau -- The Torajan Migrant World After 2000 -- Different Settings, Same Outcome : Two Torajan Diasporas Compared -- Migrant Networks And Organizations -- (trans)migrants In The City : The Case Of Makassar -- Makassar : Microcosm Of The Eastern Seas -- Arriving In The City And Finding Shelter -- Living And Working In Makassar -- Social Relations And Networks -- Communication Between The Urban Migrants And The Homeland -- The Homecoming Myth : Metaphor Or Reality? -- Conclusions -- The Torajan Homeland -- Early Sa'dan Toraja Society : Disunity And Diversity -- A Society Of Houses -- Tongkonan Federations And Constellations -- The Making Of A Colonial Toraja -- Torajan Politics Under The New Republic -- The Emergency Of Tana Toraja -- Transformation Of The Torajan Political System : The Feudal Authority Replaced -- Decentralization And Local Autonomy : The Comeback Of Traditional Adat Leaders -- Centralization And Standardization : Adat Depoliticized -- Conclusions -- Contesting Political Power -- Decentralization And Regional Autonomy In Indonesia : The Revival Of Adat -- Return To The Lembang Movement -- Failure Of The Lembang Movement -- The Lembang Revised And Re-divided -- A 'greater' Or A Fragmented Toraja? -- Conclusions -- Social Distinction And Ritual Performance -- Torajan Order And Status -- The Making And Re-making Of A Tongkonan -- Siri' Makes The World Go Round -- Tournaments Of Value -- Tongkonan, Funerals And Christianity -- Conclusions -- Income And Expenditure Pattems In A Changing Economy -- Economic Development In Tana Toraja : Booms And Busts -- Early Economy Of The Highlands -- The Torajan Economy Under Colonial Rule -- Economic Transition : Steady Growth And Commercialization -- Economic Fluctuations In Tana Toraja 1997-2003 -- Village Economies In The Early Twenty-first Century -- Gross Village Cash Incomes -- Local Household Income Activities -- Spreading Activities Beyond The Village Borders -- Livelihood Sources Of Various Wealth Groups In Palipu' And Kondo' -- Expenditure Patterns -- The Economic Crisis As Experienced In The Two Villages -- Palipu' During The Economic Crisis : Crisis Or Godsend? -- Kondo' During The Economic Crisis : Flourishing Ceremonies -- Concluding Remarks -- Torajan Livelihood Styles -- Identifying Livelihood Styles In Palipu' And Kondo' -- Livelihood Styles In Palipu' -- Translocals : The Household Of Rannu And Lucia Lomo' -- Entrepreneurs : The Household Of Ne'angke' -- Established Locals : The Household Of Ne'kedeng -- Outcasts : The Case Of Sande's Household -- Livelihood Styles In Kondo' -- Locals : Pong Fitri's Household -- Gengsi Seekers : Pong Pading's Household -- Siri' Protectors : The Household Of Ne'rombe -- Transnationais : The Household Of Marthen Bai -- Some Concluding Remarks On Livelihood Styles In Tana Toraja -- Living With The Dead -- Moving Toward A Global Tongkonan -- The Homeland : Social Space And Place -- A Layered Society -- Torajan Livelihood Styles -- Life And Death : A Double Helix -- Appendix 1 : Cluster Analysis -- Appendix 2 : Variables In The Cluster Analysis For Palipu' And Kondo' -- Appendix 3 : Clusters Of Households After Relocation Procedure -- Appendix 4 : Cluster Analysis Of Palipu' And Kondo' -- Glossary Of Indonesian And Dutch Terms -- Bibliography -- Index. By Edwin De Jong. Includes Bibliographical References (pages [311]-323) And Index. Cover 1 Title 4 Copyright 5 Content 6 List of Maps, Tables, Figures and Illustrations 10 Preface and Acknowledgements 12 1. Crisis and Ceremonies: An Intriguing Paradox 16 Makassar: A Transit City 20 Tana Toraja: A Social Labyrinth 23 Crisis and Ceremonies: An Intriguing Paradox 28 Construing Everyday Life 30 Small Places and Large Issues 34 Outline of This Study 41 2. Torajan Livelihoods: The Cultural Dynamics of Economic Life 44 Reconceptualizing Livelihoods 47 Livelihood Styles: Beyond Agency and Social Structure 49 Livelihood Style Defined 57 Livelihoods and Social Space: Networks 60 Social Relationships and Networks 62 Networks of Kin 67 Beyond Kinship: House Societies 71 Moving beyond Local Boundaries 74 ‘A Sense of Place’ 75 A Conception of Transnationalism 78 Where Do We Go from Here? 80 3. The Larger Torajan World: Migrant Networks and Organizations 82 Torajans on the Move 83 Before merantau 84 After merantau 92 The Torajan Migrant World after 2000 95 Different Settings, Same Outcome: Two Torajan Diasporas Compared 97 Migrant Networks and Organizations 101 (Trans)migrants in the City: The Case of Makassar 105 Makassar: Microcosm of the Eastern Seas 106 Arriving in the City and Finding Shelter 108 Living and Working in Makassar 112 Social Relations and Networks 114 Communication between the Urban Migrants and the Homeland 120 The Homecoming Myth: Metaphor or Reality? 123 Conclusions 127 4. The Torajan Homeland 130 Early Sa’dan Toraja Society: Disunity and Diversity 131 A Society of Houses 131 Tongkonan Federations and Constellations 135 The Making of a Colonial Toraja 144 Torajan Politics under the New Republic 151 The Emergency of Tana Toraja 151 Transformation of the Torajan Political System: The Feudal Authority Replaced 154 Decentralization and Local Autonomy: The Comeback of Traditional adat Leaders 159 Centralization and Standardization: adat Depoliticized 161 Conclusions 164 5. Contesting Political Power 166 Decentralization and Regional Autonomy in Indonesia: The Revival of adat 167 Return to the lembang Movement 169 Failure of the lembang Movement 171 The lembang Revised and Re-divided 177 A ‘Greater’ or a Fragmented Toraja? 179 Conclusions 184 6. Social Distinction and Ritual Performance 173 188 Torajan Order and Status 189 The Making and Re-Making of a tongkonan 199 Siri’ Makes the World go Round 204 Tournaments of Value 210 Tongkonan, Funerals and Christianity 220 Conclusions 224 7. Income and Expenditure Patterns in a Changing Economy 226 Economic Development in Tana Toraja: Booms and Busts 228 Early Economy of the Highlands 229 The Torajan Economy under Colonial Rule 230 Economic Transition: Steady Growth and Commercialization 233 Economic Fluctuations in Tana Toraja 1997–2003 237 Village Economies in the Early Twenty-First Century 239 Gross Village Cash Incomes 239 Local Household Income Activities 241 Spreading Activities beyond the Village Borders 252 Livelihood Sources of Various Wealth Groups in Palipu’ and Kondo’ 255 Expenditure Patterns 259 The Economic Crisis as Experienced in the Two Villages 263 Palipu’ during the Economic Crisis: Crisis or Godsend? 263 Kondo’ during the Economic Crisis: Flourishing Ceremonies 268 Concluding Remarks 270 8. Torajan Livelihood Styles 274 Identifying Livelihood Styles in Palipu’ and Kondo’ 275 Livelihood Styles in Palipu’ 281 Translocals: The Household of Rannu and Lucia Lomo’ 281 Entrepreneurs: The Household of Ne’Angke’ 283 Established Locals: The Household of Ne’Kedeng 284 Outcasts: The Case of Sande’s Household 286 Livelihood Styles in Kondo’ 288 Locals: Pong Fitri’s Household 288 Gengsi Seekers: Pong Pading’s Household 289 Siri’ Protectors: The Household of Ne’Rombe 291 Transnationals: The Household of Marthen Bai 292 Some Concluding Remarks on Livelihood Styles in Tana Toraja 294 9. Living with the Dead 298 Moving toward a Global Tongkonan 300 The Homeland: Social Space and Place 303 A Layered Society 303 Torajan Livelihood Styles 306 Life and Death: A Double Helix 308 Appendix 1. Cluster Analysis 312 Appendix 2. Variables in the Cluster analysis for Palipu’ and Kondo’ 314 Appendix 3. Clusters of Households after Relocation Procedure 317 Appendix 4. Cluster Analysis of Palipu’ and Kondo’ 318 Glossary of Indonesian and Dutch Terms 322 Bibliography 326 Index 340 Making a Living between Crisis and Ceremonies offers an account on the practice of everyday life of the Torajan people both in the highlands of Tana Toraja (South Sulawesi, Indonesia) and elsewhere (Makassar, Jakarta, Maleisië).