Magnetic Nanoparticles: A New Platform for Drug Delivery (Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

This volume covers current research in the usage of magnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery. It discusses synthesis methods, stabilizers used for surface coating on MNPs, and potential target ligands which can be used to ferry payloads to the targeted disease region. It also highlights the factors affecting delivery efficiency and toxicity, as well as the different routes of administration. The content also focus on the use of these carriers for gene therapy and to target brain tumors. This volume will be of interest to researchers working on drug discovery and delivery platforms. Preface 6 Contents 8 Editors and Contributors 9 1 Magnetic Nanoparticles and Its Biomedical Applications 12 1 Nanoscience, Nanotechnology and Nanoparticles 12 2 Magnetic Nanoparticles 14 2.1 Physical Properties of MNPs 14 2.2 Magnetic Behavior of MNPs 15 2.2.1 Magnetocaloric Effect 16 2.3 Applications of MNPs 17 2.3.1 High-Density Information Storage 17 2.3.2 Environmental Applications of MNPs 17 2.3.3 Analytical Applications of MNPs 18 2.3.4 Catalytic Applications of MNPs 18 3 Biomedical Applications of MNPs 18 3.1 Drug Delivery 19 3.2 Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia (MFH) 21 3.2.1 Clinical Evaluations 22 3.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 24 3.3.1 T1-Contrast Agents for MRI 26 3.3.2 {{T_{2} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{T_{2} } {T_{2}^{*} }}} \right. \kern-0pt} {T_{2}^{*} }} -Contrast Agents for MRI 26 3.4 Cell Labeling and Imaging 27 3.4.1 Imaging Transplanted Stem Cells 28 3.5 Tissue Engineering 28 3.6 Magnetic Bio-Separation 29 3.6.1 Cell/Bacterial Separation 29 Magnetic-Relaxation Switches 31 3.6.2 Separation of Biochemicals 31 3.6.3 Enzyme/Protein Immobilization 31 3.6.4 Bioanalysis and Immunoassays 33 3.6.5 Elimination of Metallic Impurities 33 3.7 Magnetorelaxometry 34 4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 35 References 35 2 Surface Chemistry and Properties of Magnetic Nanoparticles 42 1 Introduction 42 1.1 Properties of Magnetic Nanoparticles 43 1.1.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles—Physical Properties 43 2 Ferromagnetic Materials 43 3 Diamagnetic Materials 45 4 Paramagnetic Materials 45 5 Ferrimagnetic Materials 46 6 Antiferromagnetic Materials 46 7 Surface Chemistry of Magnetic Nanoparticles 47 8 Surface Modification of Magnetic Nanoparticles 48 8.1 Silica Shell (Silica Modification) 48 8.2 Gold Shell (Gold Modification) 49 8.3 Catechol Functionalization 49 8.4 Polymer Functionalization 49 9 Biomedical Application of Magnetic Nanoparticles 50 9.1 Hyperthermia Cancer Therapy 50 9.2 Contrast Agents for Nuclear MRI 51 9.3 Cell Separation 52 9.4 Drug Delivery 53 10 Conclusion 54 References 54 3 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Image-Guided Drug Delivery 56 1 Introduction 56 2 Physiochemical Properties 58 3 Pharmacokinetics 60 4 MRI-Guided Drug Delivery 61 5 Biologically Targeted Magnetic Hyperthermia: Advantages and Limitations 62 6 Magnetic Hyperthermia and Its Role as Cancer Therapeutics 63 7 Magnetic Drug Delivery 69 8 Theranostic Platforms 72 9 Conclusion 74 References 74 4 Magnetic and Fluorescent Nanogels for Nanomedicine 83 1 Introduction 83 1.1 Role of Nanotechnology in Energy 85 1.2 Role of Nanotechnology in Medicine 85 1.3 Role of Nanogels in Medicine 86 2 Magnetic Nanogels in Nanomedicine 87 2.1 Introduction to Magnetism: Fields and Faraday 87 2.2 Role of Magnetism in Imaging 88 2.3 MRI and Nanoparticles Research 89 2.4 Role of Nanogels with Magnetic Characteristics for Nanomedicine 90 3 Role of Fluorescence Imaging in Nanomedicine 97 3.1 Role of Nanogels with Fluorescent Characteristics in Nanomedicine 98 4 Magneto-Fluorescent Nanocarriers in Nanomedicine 103 4.1 Role of Magneto-Fluorescent Nanogels in Nanomedicine 105 5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 109 Acknowledgements 110 References 110 5 Magnetic Glyconanoparticles for Biomedical Applications 116 1 Introduction 116 1.1 Synthesis of Glycopolymers 117 1.1.1 Synthesis of Glycopolymers via Controlled Radical Polymerization 118 1.2 Glyconanoparticles 119 1.2.1 Gold-Glycopolymer Nanoparticles 119 1.2.2 Iron Oxide-Glycopolymer Nanoparticles 120 1.2.3 Quantum Dots-Glycopolymer Nanoparticles 120 1.3 Glyconanoparticles in Drug Delivery 122 2 Conclusion 126 Acknowledgements 126 References 126 6 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Hyperthermia a New Revolution in Cancer Treatment 128 1 Introduction 128 2 Hyperthermia Therapy 128 3 Magnetic Nanoparticles 129 4 Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles 130 5 Multifunctional Nanoparticles 130 6 Hybrid Nanoparticles 133 7 Synthesis of Magnetic NPs 133 8 Other NPs Producing Hyperthermia 133 9 Magnetic Liposomes 134 10 Ferroptosis 135 11 Challenges 135 12 Conclusion 135 References 136 7 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Cancer Treatment 142 1 Introduction 142 2 Factors Affecting MNPs Inside Living System 143 3 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Cancer Imaging 144 3.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 145 3.2 Positron Emission Tomography 146 3.3 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography 146 4 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy 147 4.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Hyperthermia 147 4.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Radiotherapy 150 4.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Phototherapy 151 5 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery 153 6 Challenges in Drug Delivery 154 7 Conclusion 154 References 154