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The reissue of a classic work, now with a foreword by Daniel Goleman! Here is a monumental work that continues in the tradition pioneered by co-author Richard Lazarus in his classic book Psychological Stress and the Coping Process. Dr. Lazarus and his collaborator, Dr. Susan Folkman, present here a detailed theory of psychological stress, building on the concepts of cognitive appraisal and coping which have become major themes of theory and investigation. As an integrative theoretical analysis, this volume pulls together two decades of research and thought on issues in behavioral medicine, emotion, stress management, treatment, and life span development. A selective review of the most pertinent literature is included in each chapter. The total reference listing for the book extends to 60 pages. This work is necessarily multidisciplinary, reflecting the many dimensions of stress-related problems and their situation within a complex social context. While the emphasis is on psychological aspects of stress, the book is oriented towards professionals in various disciplines, as well as advanced students and educated laypersons. The intended audience ranges from psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, nurses, and social workers to sociologists, anthropologists, medical researchers, and physiologists. Contents......Page 8 Foreword......Page 6 Preface......Page 12 1 The Stress Concept in the Life Sciences......Page 16 A Bit of History......Page 17 Modern Developments......Page 21 The Concept of Stress......Page 26 Summary......Page 36 Why Is a Concept of Appraisal Necessary?......Page 37 The Place of Cognitive Appraisal in Stress Theory......Page 40 Basic Forms of Cognitive Appraisal......Page 46 Research on Cognitive Appraisal......Page 53 Cognitive Appraisal and Phenomenology......Page 61 The Concept of Vulnerability......Page 65 The Issue of Depth......Page 66 Summary......Page 67 3 Person Factors Influencing Appraisal......Page 70 Commitments......Page 71 Beliefs......Page 78 Summary......Page 95 4 Situation Factors Influencing Appraisal......Page 97 Novelty......Page 98 Predictability......Page 100 Event Uncertainty......Page 102 Temporal Factors......Page 107 Ambiguity......Page 118 The Timing of Stressful Events in Relation to the Life Cycle......Page 123 A Comment on the Selection and Treatment of Variables......Page 129 Summary......Page 130 Traditional Approaches......Page 132 Coping Traits and Styles......Page 135 Limitations and Defects of Traditional Approaches......Page 143 Summary......Page 154 Definition of Coping......Page 156 Coping as a Process......Page 157 Stages in the Coping Process......Page 158 The Multiple Functions of Coping......Page 163 Coping Resources......Page 172 Constraints Against Utilizing Coping Resources......Page 180 Control as Appraisal; Control as Coping......Page 185 Coping Over the Life Course......Page 186 Prospects for the Study of Coping Styles......Page 189 Summary......Page 193 7 Appraisal, Coping, and Adaptational Outcomes......Page 196 Social Functioning......Page 198 Morale......Page 209 Somatic Health......Page 220 Concluding Comments......Page 236 Summary......Page 238 Three Perspectives......Page 241 Stress, Coping, and Adaptation in the Individual......Page 249 Social Change......Page 266 Summary......Page 273 9 Cognitive Theories of Emotion......Page 276 Early Cognitive Formulations......Page 277 The Fundamental Tasks of a Cognitive Theory of Emotion......Page 280 Attribution Theory......Page 286 The Relationship Between Cognition and Emotion......Page 288 Emotion and the Problem of Reductionism......Page 293 Summary......Page 299 Levels of Analysis......Page 301 Traditional Research and Thought......Page 306 Transaction and Process......Page 308 The Design of Transactional, Process-oriented Research......Page 314 The Measurement of Key Concepts......Page 321 Summary......Page 340 Approaches to Treatment......Page 349 How Treatment Works......Page 358 Therapy from the Perspective of Our Stress and Coping Theory......Page 368 Stress Management Versus One-on-One Therapy......Page 376 Summary......Page 389 References......Page 391 A......Page 452 C......Page 453 F......Page 455 M......Page 456 P......Page 457 S......Page 458 U......Page 459 Y......Page 460 Contents 8 Foreword 6 Preface 12 1 The Stress Concept in the Life Sciences 16 A Bit of History 17 Modern Developments 21 The Concept of Stress 26 Summary 36 2 Cognitive Appraisal Processes 37 Why Is a Concept of Appraisal Necessary? 37 The Place of Cognitive Appraisal in Stress Theory 40 Basic Forms of Cognitive Appraisal 46 Research on Cognitive Appraisal 53 Cognitive Appraisal and Phenomenology 61 The Concept of Vulnerability 65 The Issue of Depth 66 Summary 67 3 Person Factors Influencing Appraisal 70 Commitments 71 Beliefs 78 Summary 95 4 Situation Factors Influencing Appraisal 97 Novelty 98 Predictability 100 Event Uncertainty 102 Temporal Factors 107 Ambiguity 118 The Timing of Stressful Events in Relation to the Life Cycle 123 A Comment on the Selection and Treatment of Variables 129 Summary 130 5 The Concept of Coping 132 Traditional Approaches 132 Coping Traits and Styles 135 Limitations and Defects of Traditional Approaches 143 Summary 154 6 The Coping Process: An Alternative to Traditional Formulations 156 Definition of Coping 156 Coping as a Process 157 Stages in the Coping Process 158 The Multiple Functions of Coping 163 Coping Resources 172 Constraints Against Utilizing Coping Resources 180 Control as Appraisal; Control as Coping 185 Coping Over the Life Course 186 Prospects for the Study of Coping Styles 189 Summary 193 7 Appraisal, Coping, and Adaptational Outcomes 196 Social Functioning 198 Morale 209 Somatic Health 220 Concluding Comments 236 Summary 238 8 The Individual and Society 241 Three Perspectives 241 Stress, Coping, and Adaptation in the Individual 249 Social Change 266 Summary 273 9 Cognitive Theories of Emotion 276 Early Cognitive Formulations 277 The Fundamental Tasks of a Cognitive Theory of Emotion 280 Attribution Theory 286 The Relationship Between Cognition and Emotion 288 Emotion and the Problem of Reductionism 293 Summary 299 10 Methodological Issues 301 Levels of Analysis 301 Traditional Research and Thought 306 Transaction and Process 308 The Design of Transactional, Process-oriented Research 314 The Measurement of Key Concepts 321 Summary 340 11 Treatment and Stress Management 349 Approaches to Treatment 349 How Treatment Works 358 Therapy from the Perspective of Our Stress and Coping Theory 368 Stress Management Versus One-on-One Therapy 376 Summary 389 References 391 Index 452 A 452 B 453 C 453 D 455 E 455 F 455 G 456 H 456 I 456 J 456 L 456 M 456 N 457 O 457 P 457 R 458 S 458 T 459 U 459 V 460 W 460 Y 460 1. The Stress Concept In The Life Sciences -- 2. Cognitive Appraisal Processes -- 3. Person Factors Influencing Appraisal -- 4. Situation Factors Influencing Appraisal -- 5. The Concept Of Coping -- 6. The Coping Process: An Alternative To Traditional Formulations -- 7. Appraisal, Coping, And Adaptational Outcomes -- 8. The Individual And Society -- 9. Cognitive Theories Of Emotion -- 10. Methodological Issues -- 11. Treatment And Stress Management. Richard S. Lazarus, Susan Folkman. Includes Index. Bibliography: P. 376-436. Presents a detailed theory of psychological stress, building on the concepts of cognitive appraisal and coping which have become major themes of theory and investigation. As an integrative theoretical analysis, this volume pulls together two decades of research and thought on issues in behavioural medicine, emotion, stress management, treatment, and life span development.