مادر - زیست‌شناسی - پژوهش در زندگی، ویرایش نهم

biology Readings 1 Preface 2 Brief contents 10 Table of contents 11 Chapter 1 - The Study of Life 15 Part 1 - Cell Biology 31 Chapt02 33 Main Menu -1 Table of Contents -1 Preface -1 Chapter 1 The Study of Life -1 Chapter 2 The Molecules of Cells 33 2.1 Elements and Atoms 34 2.2 Molecules and Compounds 37 2.3 Water and Living Things 40 2.4 Organic Molecules 45 2.5 Carbohydrates 46 2.6 Lipids 48 2.7 Proteins 51 2.8 Nucleic Acids 54 Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function -1 Chapter 4 Membrane Structure and Function -1 Chapter 5 Cell Division -1 Chapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes -1 Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration -1 Chapter 8 Photosynthesis -1 Chapter 9 Plant Organization and Growth -1 Chapter 10 Plant Physiology and Reproduction -1 Chapter 11 Human Organization -1 Chapter 12 Digestive System and Nutrition -1 Chapter 13 Cardiovascular System -1 Chapter 14 Lymphatic System and Immunity -1 Chapter 15 Respiratory System -1 Chapter 16 Urinary System and Excretion -1 Chapter 17 Nervous System -1 Chapter 18 Senses -1 Chapter 19 Musculoskeletal System -1 Chapter 20 Endocrine System -1 Chapter 21 Reproductive System -1 Chapter 22 Development -1 Chapter 23 Patterns of Gene Inheritance -1 Chapter 24 Patterns of Chromosomal Inheritance -1 Chapter 25 Molecular Basis of Inheritance -1 Chapter 26 Biotechnology -1 Chapter 27 Origin and Evolution of Life -1 Chapter 28 Microbiology -1 Chapter 29 Plants -1 Chapter 30 Animals: Part I -1 Chapter 31 Animals: Part II -1 Chapter 32 Animal Behavior -1 Chapter 33 Population Ecology -1 Chapter 34 Community Ecology -1 Chapter 35 Biosphere -1 Chapter 36 Ecosystems and Human Interferences -1 Glossary -1 End of Book -1 Study Guide Table of Contents -1 Textbook Website -1 Student OLC -1 MHHE Website -1 Chapt03 59 Main Menu -1 Table of Contents -1 Preface -1 Chapter 1 The Study of Life -1 Chapter 2 The Molecules of Cells -1 Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function 59 3.1 The Cellular Level of Organization 60 3.2 Eukaryotic Cells 63 3.3 Prokaryotic Cells 76 3.4 Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell 77 Chapter 4 Membrane Structure and Function -1 Chapter 5 Cell Division -1 Chapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes -1 Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration -1 Chapter 8 Photosynthesis -1 Chapter 9 Plant Organization and Growth -1 Chapter 10 Plant Physiology and Reproduction -1 Chapter 11 Human Organization -1 Chapter 12 Digestive System and Nutrition -1 Chapter 13 Cardiovascular System -1 Chapter 14 Lymphatic System -1 Chapter 15 Respiratory System -1 Chapter 16 Urinary System and Excretion -1 Chapter 17 Nervous System -1 Chapter 18 Senses -1 Chapter 19 Musculoskeletal System -1 Chapter 20 Endocrine System -1 Chapter 21 Reproductive System -1 Chapter 22 Development -1 Chapter 23 Patterns of Gene Inheritance -1 Chapter 24 Patterns of Chromosomal Inheritance -1 Chapter 25 Molecular Basis of Inheritance -1 Chapter 26 Biotechnology -1 Chapter 27 Origin and Evolution of Life -1 Chapter 28 Microbiology -1 Chapter 29 Plants -1 Chapter 30 Animals: Part I -1 Chapter 31 Animals: Part II -1 Chapter 32 Animal Behavior -1 Chapter 33 Population Ecology -1 Chapter 34 Community Ecology -1 Chapter 35 Biosphere -1 Chapter 36 Ecosystems and Human Interferences -1 Glossary -1 End of Book -1 Study Guide Table of Contents -1 Textbook Website -1 Student OLC -1 MHHE Website -1 Chapt04 81 Main Menu -1 Table of Contents -1 Preface -1 Chapter 1 The Study of Life -1 Chapter 2 The Molecules of Cells -1 Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function -1 Chapter 4 Membrane Structure and Function 81 4.1 Plasma Membrane Structure and Function 82 4.2 The Permeability of the Plasma Membrane 86 4.3 Diffusion and Osmosis 87 4.4 Transport by Carrier Proteins 90 4.5 Exocytosis and Endocytosis 92 Chapter 5 Cell Division -1 Chapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes -1 Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration -1 Chapter 8 Photosynthesis -1 Chapter 9 Plant Organization and Growth -1 Chapter 10 Plant Physiology and Reproduction -1 Chapter 11 Human Organization -1 Chapter 12 Digestive System and Nutrition -1 Chapter 13 Cardiovascular System -1 Chapter 14 Lymphatic System and Immunity -1 Chapter 15 Respiratory System -1 Chapter 16 Urinary System and Excretion -1 Chapter 17 Nervous System -1 Chapter 18 Senses -1 Chapter 19 Musculoskeletal System -1 Chapter 20 Endocrine System -1 Chapter 21 Reproductive System -1 Chapter 22 Development -1 Chapter 23 Patterns of Gene Inheritance -1 Chapter 24 Patterns of Chromosomal Inheritance -1 Chapter 25 Molecular Basis of Inheritance -1 Chapter 26 Biotechnology -1 Chapter 27 Origin and Evolution of Life -1 Chapter 28 Microbiology -1 Chapter 29 Plants -1 Chapter 30 Animals: Part I -1 Chapter 31 Animals: Part II -1 Chapter 32 Animal Behavior -1 Chapter 33 Population Ecology -1 Chapter 34 Community Ecology -1 Chapter 35 Biosphere -1 Chapter 36 Ecosystems and Human Interferences -1 Glossary -1 End of Book -1 Study Guide Table of Contents -1 Textbook Website -1 Student OLC -1 MHHE Website -1 Chapt05 97 Main Menu -1 Table of Contents -1 Study Guide Table of Contents -1 Preface -1 Chapter 1 The Study of Life -1 Chapter 2 The Molecules of Cells -1 Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function -1 Chapter 4 Membrane Structure and Function -1 Chapter 5 Cell Division 97 5.1 Maintaining the Chromosome Number 98 5.2 Mitosis in Detail 102 5.3 Reducing the Chromosome Number 106 5.4 Meiosis in Detail 108 5.5 Comparison of Meiosis with Mitosis 110 5.6 The Human Life Cycle 112 Chapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes -1 Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration -1 Chapter 8 Photosynthesis -1 Chapter 9 Plant Organization and Growth -1 Chapter 10 Plant Physiology and Reproduction -1 Chapter 11 Human Organization -1 Chapter 12 Digestive System and Nutrition -1 Chapter 13 Cardiovascular System -1 Chapter 14 Lymphatic System and Immunity -1 Chapter 15 Respiratory System -1 Chapter 16 Urinary System and Excretion -1 Chapter 17 Nervous System -1 Chapter 18 Senses -1 Chapter 19 Musculoskeletal System -1 Chapter 20 Endocrine System -1 Chapter 21 Reproductive System -1 Chapter 22 Development -1 Chapter 23 Patterns of Gene Inheritance -1 Chapter 24 Patterns of Chromosomal Inheritance -1 Chapter 25 Molecular Basis of Inheritance -1 Chapter 26 Biotechnology -1 Chapter 27 Origin and Evolution of Life -1 Chapter 28 Microbiology -1 Chapter 29 Plants -1 Chapter 30 Animals: Part I -1 Chapter 31 Animals: Part II -1 Chapter 32 Animal Behavior -1 Chapter 33 Population Ecology -1 Chapter 34 Community Ecology -1 Chapter 35 Biosphere -1 Chapter 36 Ecosystems and Human Interferences -1 Glossary -1 End of Book -1 Textbook Website -1 Student OLC -1 MHHE Website -1 Chapt06 117 Main Menu -1 Table of Contents -1 Preface -1 Chapter 1 The Study of Life -1 Chapter 2 The Molecules of Cells -1 Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function -1 Chapter 4 Membrane Structure and Function -1 Chapter 5 Cell Division -1 Chapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes 117 6.1 Energy 118 6.2 Metabolic Reactions and Energy Transformations 120 6.3 Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes 122 6.4 Metabolic Pathways and Oxidation-Reduction 126 Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration -1 Chapter 8 Photosynthesis -1 Chapter 9 Plant Organization and Growth -1 Chapter 10 Plant Physiology and Reproduction -1 Chapter 11 Human Organization -1 Chapter 12 Digestive System and Nutrition -1 Chapter 13 Cardiovascular System -1 Chapter 14 Lymphatic System and Immunity -1 Chapter 15 Respiratory System -1 Chapter 16 Urinary System and Excretion -1 Chapter 17 Nervous System -1 Chapter 18 Senses -1 Chapter 19 Musculoskeletal System -1 Chapter 20 Endocrine System -1 Chapter 21 Reproductive System -1 Chapter 22 Development -1 Chapter 23 Patterns of Gene Inheritance -1 Chapter 24 Patterns of Chromosomal Inheritance -1 Chapter 25 Molecular Basis of Inheritance -1 Chapter 26 Biotechnology -1 Chapter 27 Origin and Evolution of Life -1 Chapter 28 Microbiology -1 Chapter 29 Plants -1 Chapter 30 Animals: Part I -1 Chapter 31 Animals: Part II -1 Chapter 32 Animal Behavior -1 Chapter 33 Population Ecology -1 Chapter 34 Community Ecology -1 Chapter 35 Biosphere -1 Chapter 36 Ecosystems and Human Interferences -1 Glossary -1 End of Book -1 Study Guide Table of Contents -1 Textbook Website -1 Student OLC -1 MHHE Website -1 Chapt07 131 Main Menu -1 Table of Contents -1 Preface -1 Chapter 1 The Study of Life -1 Chapter 2 The Molecules of Cells -1 Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function -1 Chapter 4 Membrane Structure and Function -1 Chapter 5 Cell Division -1 Chapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes -1 Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration 131 7.1 Aerobic Cellular Respiration 132 7.2 Outside the Mitochondria Glycolysis 134 7.3 Inside the Mitochondria 136 7.4 Metabolic Pool and Biosynthesis 141 7.5 Fermentation 143 Chapter 8 Photosynthesis -1 Chapter 9 Plant Organization and Growth -1 Chapter 10 Plant Physiology and Reproduction -1 Chapter 11 Human Organization -1 Chapter 12 Digestive System and Nutrition -1 Chapter 13 Cardiovascular System -1 Chapter 14 Lymphatic System and Immunity -1 Chapter 15 Respiratory System -1 Chapter 16 Urinary System and Excretion -1 Chapter 17 Nervous System -1 Chapter 18 Senses -1 Chapter 19 Musculoskeletal System -1 Chapter 20 Endocrine System -1 Chapter 21 Reproductive System -1 Chapter 22 Development -1 Chapter 23 Patterns of Gene Inheritance -1 Chapter 24 Patterns of Chromosomal Inheritance -1 Chapter 25 Molecular Basis of Inheritance -1 Chapter 26 Biotechnology -1 Chapter 27 Origin and Evolution of Life -1 Chapter 28 Microbiology -1 Chapter 29 Plants -1 Chapter 30 Animals: Part I -1 Chapter 31 Animals: Part II -1 Chapter 32 Animal Behavior -1 Chapter 33 Population Ecology -1 Chapter 34 Community Ecology -1 Chapter 35 Biosphere -1 Chapter 36 Ecosystems and Human Interferences -1 Glossary -1 End of Book -1 Study Guide Table of Contents -1 Textbook Website -1 Student OLC -1 MHHE Website -1 Part 2 - Plant Biology 147 Chapt08 149 Main Menu -1 Table of Contents -1 Preface -1 Chapter 1 The Study of Life -1 Chapter 2 The Molecules of Cells -1 Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function -1 Chapter 4 Membrane Structure and Function -1 Chapter 5 Cell Division -1 Chapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes -1 Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration -1 Chapter 8 Photosynthesis 149 8.1 Radiant Energy 150 8.2 Structure and Function of Chloroplasts 152 8.3 Solar Energy Capture 154 8.4 Carbohydrate Synthesis 157 8.5 Other Aspects of Photosynthesis 159 8.6 Photosynthesis Versus Aerobic Cellular Respiration 161 Chapter 9 Plant Organization and Growth -1 Chapter 10 Plant Physiology and Reproduction -1 Chapter 11 Human Organization -1 Chapter 12 Digestive System and Nutrition -1 Chapter 13 Cardiovascular System -1 Chapter 14 Lymphatic System and Immunity -1 Chapter 15 Respiratory System -1 Chapter 16 Urinary System and Excretion -1 Chapter 17 Nervous System -1 Chapter 18 Senses -1 Chapter 19 Musculoskeletal System -1 Chapter 20 Endocrine System -1 Chapter 21 Reproductive System -1 Chapter 22 Development -1 Chapter 23 Patterns of Gene Inheritance -1 Chapter 24 Patterns of Chromosomal Inheritance -1 Chapter 25 Molecular Basis of Inheritance -1 Chapter 26 Biotechnology -1 Chapter 27 Origin and Evolution of Life -1 Chapter 28 Microbiology -1 Chapter 29 Plants -1 Chapter 30 Animals: Part I -1 Chapter 31 Animals: Part II -1 Chapter 32 Animal Behavior -1 Chapter 33 Population Ecology -1 Chapter 34 Community Ecology -1 Chapter 35 Biosphere -1 Chapter 36 Ecosystems and Human Interferences -1 Glossary -1 End of Book -1 Study Guide Table of Contents -1 Textbook Website -1 Student OLC -1 MHHE Website -1 Chapt09 165 Main Menu -1 Table of Contents -1 Preface -1 Chapter 1 The Study of Life -1 Chapter 2 The Molecules of Cells -1 Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function -1 Chapter 4 Membrane Structure and Function -1 Chapter 5 Cell Division -1 Chapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes -1 Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration -1 Chapter 8 Photosynthesis -1 Chapter 9 Plant Organization and Growth 165 9.1 The Flowering Plant 166 9.2 Plant Tissues and Cells 168 9.3 Organization of Roots 170 9.4 Organization of Stems 172 9.5 Organization of Leaves 177 9.6 Modified Roots, Stems, and Leaves 178 Chapter 10 Plant Physiology and Reproduction -1 Chapter 11 Human Organization -1 Chapter 12 Digestive System and Nutrition -1 Chapter 13 Cardiovascular System -1 Chapter 14 Lymphatic System and Immunity -1 Chapter 15 Respiratory System -1 Chapter 16 Urinary System and Excretion -1 Chapter 17 Nervous System -1 Chapter 18 Senses -1 Chapter 19 Musculoskeletal System -1 Chapter 20 Endocrine System -1 Chapter 21 Reproductive System -1 Chapter 22 Development -1 Chapter 23 Patterns of Gene Inheritance -1 Chapter 24 Patterns of Chromosomal Inheritance -1 Chapter 25 Molecular Basis of Inheritance -1 Chapter 26 Biotechnology -1 Chapter 27 Origin and Evolution of Life -1 Chapter 28 Microbiology -1 Chapter 29 Plants -1 Chapter 30 Animals: Part I -1 Chapter 31 Animals: Part II -1 Chapter 32 Animal Behavior -1 Chapter 33 Population Ecology -1 Chapter 34 Community Ecology -1 Chapter 35 Biosphere -1 Chapter 36 Ecosystems and Human Interferences -1 Glossary -1 End of Book -1 Study Guide Table of Contents -1 Textbook Website -1 Student OLC -1 MHHE Website -1 Chapt10 183 Main Menu -1 Table of Contents -1 Preface -1 Chapter 1 The Study of Life -1 Chapter 2 The Molecules of Cells -1 Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function -1 Chapter 4 Membrane Structure and Function -1 Chapter 5 Cell Division -1 Chapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes -1 Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration -1 Chapter 8 Photosynthesis -1 Chapter 9 Plant Organization and Growth -1 Chapter 10 Plant Physiology and Reproduction 183 10.1 Water and Mineral Transport 184 10.2 Organic Nutrient Transport 188 10.3 Plant Responses to Environmental Stimuli 190 10.4 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 194 10.5 Asexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 200 Chapter 11 Human Organization -1 Chapter 12 Digestive System and Nutrition -1 Chapter 13 Cardiovascular System -1 Chapter 14 Lymphatic System and Immunity -1 Chapter 15 Respiratory System -1 Chapter 16 Urinary System and Excretion -1 Chapter 17 Nervous System -1 Chapter 18 Senses -1 Chapter 19 Musculoskeletal System -1 Chapter 20 Endocrine System -1 Chapter 21 Reproductive System -1 Chapter 22 Development -1 Chapter 23 Patterns of Gene Inheritance -1 Chapter 24 Patterns of Chromosomal Inheritance -1 Chapter 25 Molecular Basis of Inheritance -1 Chapter 26 Biotechnology -1 Chapter 27 Origin and Evolution of Life -1 Chapter 28 Microbiology -1 Chapter 29 Plants -1 Chapter 30 Animals: Part I -1 Chapter 31 Animals: Part II -1 Chapter 32 Animal Behavior -1 Chapter 33 Population Ecology -1 Chapter 34 Community Ecology -1 Chapter 35 Biosphere -1 Chapter 36 Ecosystems and Human Interferences -1 Glossary -1 End of Book -1 Study Guide Table of Contents -1 Textbook Website -1 Student OLC -1 MHHE Website -1 Part 3 - Maintenance of the Human Body 205 Chapt11 207 Main Menu -1 Table of Contents -1 Preface -1 Chapter 1 The Study of Life -1 Chapter 2 The Molecules of Cells -1 Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function -1 Chapter 4 Membrane Structure and Function -1 Chapter 5 Cell Division -1 Chapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes -1 Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration -1 Chapter 8 Photosynthesis -1 Chapter 9 Plant Organization and Growth -1 Chapter 10 Plant Physiology and Reproduction -1 Chapter 11 Human Organization 207 11.1 Types of Tissues 208 11.2 Body Cavities and Body Membranes 215 11.3 Organ Systems 216 11.4 Skin as an Organ System 218 11.5 Homeostasis 222 Chapter 12 Digestive System and Nutrition -1 Chapter 13 Cardiovascular System -1 Chapter 14 Lymphatic System and Immunity -1 Chapter 15 Respiratory System -1 Chapter 16 Urinary System and Excretion -1 Chapter 17 Nervous System -1 Chapter 18 Senses -1 Chapter 19 Musculoskeletal System -1 Chapter 20 Endocrine System -1 Chapter 21 Reproductive System -1 Chapter 22 Development -1 Chapter 23 Patterns of Gene Inheritance -1 Chapter 24 Patterns of Chromosomal Inheritance -1 Chapter 25 Molecular Basis of Inheritance -1 Chapter 26 Biotechnology -1 Chapter 27 Origin and Evolution of Life -1 Chapter 28 Microbiology -1 Chapter 29 Plants -1 Chapter 30 Animals: Part I -1 Chapter 31 Animals: Part II -1 Chapter 32 Animal Behavior -1 Chapter 33 Population Ecology -1 Chapter 34 Community Ecology -1 Chapter 35 Biosphere -1 Chapter 36 Ecosystems and Human Interferences -1 Glossary -1 End of Book -1 Study Guide Table of Contents -1 Textbook Website -1 Student OLC -1 MHHE Website -1 Chapt12 227 Main Menu -1 Table of Contents -1 Preface -1 Chapter 1 The Study of Life -1 Chapter 2 The Molecules of Cells -1 Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function -1 Chapter 4 Membrane Structure and Function -1 Chapter 5 Cell Division -1 Chapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes -1 Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration -1 Chapter 8 Photosynthesis -1 Chapter 9 Plant Organization and Growth -1 Chapter 10 Plant Physiology and Reproduction -1 Chapter 11 Human Organization -1 Chapter 12 Digestive System and Nutrition 227 12.1 The Digestive System 228 12.2 Three Accessory Organs 236 12.3 Digestive Enzymes 238 12.4 Nutrition 240 Chapter 13 Cardiovascular System -1 Chapter 14 Lymphatic System and Immunity -1 Chapter 15 Respiratory System -1 Chapter 16 Urinary System and Excretion -1 Chapter 17 Nervous System -1 Chapter 18 Senses -1 Chapter 19 Musculoskeletal System -1 Chapter 20 Endocrine System -1 Chapter 21 Reproductive System -1 Chapter 22 Development -1 Chapter 23 Patterns of Gene Inheritance -1 Chapter 24 Patterns of Chromosomal Inheritance -1 Chapter 25 Molecular Basis of Inheritance -1 Chapter 26 Biotechnology -1 Chapter 27 Origin and Evolution of Life -1 Chapter 28 Microbiology -1 Chapter 29 Plants -1 Chapter 30 Animals: Part I -1 Chapter 31 Animals: Part II -1 Chapter 32 Animal Behavior -1 Chapter 33 Population Ecology -1 Chapter 34 Community Ecology -1 Chapter 35 Biosphere -1 Chapter 36 Ecosystems and Human Interferences -1 Glossary -1 End of Book -1 Study Guide Table of Contents -1 Textbook Website -1 Student OLC -1 MHHE Website -1 Chapt13 253 Main Menu -1 Table of Contents -1 Preface -1 Chapter 1 The Study of Life -1 Chapter 2 The Molecules of Cells -1 Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function -1 Chapter 4 Membrane Structure and Function -1 Chapter 5 Cell Division -1 Chapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes -1 Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration -1 Chapter 8 Photosynthesis -1 Chapter 9 Plant Organization and Growth -1 Chapter 10 Plant Physiology and Reproduction -1 Chapter 11 Human Organization -1 Chapter 12 Digestive System and Nutrition -1 Chapter 13 Cardiovascular System 253 13.1 The Blood Vessels 254 13.2 The Heart 256 13.3 The Vascular Pathways 260 13.4 Blood 263 13.5 Cardiovascular Disorders 270 Chapter 14 Lymphatic System and Immunity -1 Chapter 15 Respiratory System -1 Chapter 16 Urinary System and Excretion -1 Chapter 17 Nervous System -1 Chapter 18 Senses -1 Chapter 19 Musculoskeletal System -1 Chapter 20 Endocrine System -1 Chapter 21 Reproductive System -1 Chapter 22 Developement -1 Chapter 23 Patterns of Gene Inheritance -1 Chapter 24 Patterns of Chromosomal Inheritance -1 Chapter 25 Molecular Basis of Inheritance -1 Chapter 26 Biotechnology -1 Chapter 27 Origin and Evolution of Life -1 Chapter 28 Microbiology -1 Chapter 29 Plants -1 Chapter 30 Animals: Part I -1 Chapter 31 Animals: Part II -1 Chapter 32 Animal Behavior -1 Chapter 33 Population Ecology -1 Chapter 34 Community Ecology -1 Chapter 35 Biosphere -1 Chapter 36 Ecosystems and Human Interferences -1 Glossary -1 End of Book -1 Study Guide Table of Contents -1 Textbook Website -1 Student OLC -1 MHHE Website -1 Chapt14 277 Main Menu -1 Table of Contents -1 Preface -1 Chapter 1 The Study of Life -1 Chapter 2 The Molecules of Cells -1 Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function -1 Chapter 4 Membrane Structure and Function -1 Chapter 5 Cell Division -1 Chapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes -1 Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration -1 Chapter 8 Photosynthesis -1 Chapter 9 Plant Organization and Growth -1 Chapter 10 Plant Physiology and Reproduction -1 Chapter 11 Human Organization -1 Chapter 12 Digestive System and Nutrition -1 Chapter 13 Cardiovascular System -1 Chapter 14 Lymphatic System and Immunity 277 14.1 Lymphatic System 278 14.2 Nonspecific Defenses 280 14.3 Specific Defenses 282 14.4 Induced Immunity 288 14.5 Immunity Side Effects 290 Chapter 15 Respiratory System -1 Chapter 16 Urinary System and Excretion -1 Chapter 17 Nervous System -1 Chapter 18 Senses -1 Chapter 19 Musculoskeletal System -1 Chapter 20 Endocrine System -1 Chapter 21 Reproductive System -1 Chapter 22 Development -1 Chapter 23 Patterns of Gene Inheritance -1 Chapter 24 Patterns of Chromosomol Inheritance -1 Chapter 25 Molecular Basis of Inheritance -1 Chapter 26 Biotechnology -1 Chapter 27 Origin and Evolution of Life -1 Chapter 28 Microbiology -1 Chapter 29 Plants -1 Chapter 30 Animals: Part I -1 Chapter 31 Animals: Part II -1 Chapter 32 Animal Behavior -1 Chapter 33 Population Ecology -1 Chapter 34 Community Ecology -1 Chapter 35 Biosphere -1 Chapter 36 Ecosystems and Human Interferences -1 Glossary -1 End of Book -1 Study Guide Table of Contents -1 Textbook Website -1 Student OLC -1 MHHE Website -1 Chapt15 297 Main Menu -1 Table of Contents -1 Study Guide Table of Contents -1 Preface -1 Chapter 1 The Study of Life -1 Chapter 2 The Molecules of Cells -1 Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function -1 Chapter 4 Membrane Structure and Function -1 Chapter 5 Cell Division -1 Chapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes -1 Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration -1 Chapter 8 Photosynthesis -1 Chapter 9 Plant Organization and Growth -1 Chapter 10 Plant Physiology and Reproduction -1 Chapter 11 Human Organization -1 Chapter 12 Digestive System and Nutrition -1 Chapter 13 Cardiovascular System -1 Chapter 14 Lymphatic System and Immunity -1 Chapter 15 Respiratory System 297 15.1 Respiratory Tract 298 15.2 Mechanism of Breathing 302 15.3 Gas Exchanges in the Body 306 15.4 Respiration and Health 309 Chapter 16 Urinary System and Excretion -1 Chapter 17 Nervous System -1 Chapter 18 Senses -1 Chapter 19 Musculoskeletal System -1 Chapter 20 Endocrine System -1 Chapter 21 Reproductive System -1 Chapter 22 Development -1 Chapter 23 Patterns of Gene Inheritance -1 Chapter 24 Patterns of Chromosomol Inheritance -1 Chapter 25 Molecular Basis of Inheritance -1 Chapter 26 Biotechnology -1 Chapter 27 Origin and Evolution of Life -1 Chapter 28 Microbiology -1 Chapter 29 Plants -1 Chapter 30 Animals: Part I -1 Chapter 31 Animals: Part II -1 Chapter 32 Animal Behavior -1 Chapter 33 Population Ecology -1 Chapter 34 Community Ecology -1 Chapter 35 Biosphere -1 Chapter 36 Ecosystems and Human Interferences -1 Glossary -1 End of Book -1 Textbook Website -1 Student OLC -1 MHHE Website -1 Chapt16 317 Main Menu -1 Table of Contents -1 Preface -1 Chapter 1 The Study of Life -1 Chapter 2 The Molecules of Cells -1 Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function -1 Chapter 4 Membrane Structure and Function -1 Chapter 5 Cell Division -1 Chapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes -1 Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration -1 Chapter 8 Photosynthesis -1 Chapter 9 Plant Organization and Growth -1 Chapter 10 Plant Physiology and Reproduction -1 Chapter 11 Human Organization -1 Chapter 12 Digestive System and Nutrition -1 Chapter 13 Cardiovascular System -1 Chapter 14 Lymphatic System and Immunity -1 Chapter 15 Respiratory System -1 Chapter 16 Urinary System and Excretion 317 16.1 Urinary System 318 16.2 The Kidneys 321 16.3 Urine Formation 325 16.4 Maintaining Water-Salt Balance 326 16.5 Maintaining Acid-Base Balance 329 Chapter 17 Nervous System -1 Chapter 18 Senses -1 Chapter 19 Musculoskeletal System -1 Chapter 20 Endocrine System -1 Chapter 21 Reproductive System -1 Chapter 22 Development -1 Chapter 23 Patterns of Gene Inheritance -1 Chapter 24 Patterns of Chromosomol Inheritance -1 Chapter 25 Molecular Basis of Inheritance -1 Chapter 26 Biotechnology -1 Chapter 27 Origin and Evolution of Life -1 Chapter 28 Microbiology -1 Chapter 29 Plants -1 Chapter 30 Animals: Part I -1 Chapter 31 Animals: Part II -1 Chapter 32 Animal Behavior -1 Chapter 33 Population Ecology -1 Chapter 34 Community Ecology -1 Chapter 35 Biosphere -1 Chapter 36 Ecosystems and Human Interferences -1 Glossary -1 End of Book -1 Study Guide Table of Contents -1 Textbook Website -1 Student OLC -1 MHHE Website -1 Part 4 - Integration and Control of the Human Body 333 Chapt17 335 Main Menu -1 Table of Contents -1 Preface -1 Chapter 1 The Study of Life -1 Chapter 2 The Molecules of Cells -1 Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function -1 Chapter 4 Membrane Structure and Function -1 Chapter 5 Cell Division -1 Chapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes -1 Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration -1 Chapter 8 Photosynthesis -1 Chapter 9 Plant Organization and Growth -1 Chapter 10 Plant Physiology and Reproduction -1 Chapter 11 Human Organization -1 Chapter 12 Digestive System and Nutrition -1 Chapter 13 Cardiovascular System -1 Chapter 14 Lymphatic System and Immunity -1 Chapter 15 Respiratory System -1 Chapter 16 Urinary System and Excretion -1 Chapter 17 Nervous System 335 17.1 Neurons and How They Work 336 17.2 Peripheral Nervous System 342 17.3 Central Nervous System 346 17.4 The Cerebral Hemispheres 350 17.5 Higher Mental Functions 352 17.6 Drug Abuse 355 Chapter 18 Senses -1 Chapter 19 Musculoskeletal System -1 Chapter 20 Endocrine System -1 Chapter 21 Reproductive System -1 Chapter 22 Development -1 Chapter 23 Patterns of Gene Inheritance -1 Chapter 24 Patterns of Chromosomol Inheritance -1 Chapter 25 Molecular Basis of Inheritance -1 Chapter 26 Biotechnology -1 Chapter 27 Origin and Evolution of Life -1 Chapter 28 Microbiology -1 Chapter 29 Plants -1 Chapter 30 Animals: Part I -1 Chapter 31 Animals: Part II -1 Chapter 32 Animal Behavior -1 Chapter 33 Population Ecology -1 Chapter 34 Community Ecology -1 Chapter 35 Biosphere -1 Chapter 36 Ecosystems and Human Interferences -1 Glossary -1 End of Book -1 Study Guide Table of Contents -1 Textbook Website -1 Student OLC -1 MHHE Website -1 Chapt18 361 Main Menu -1 Table of Contents -1 Preface -1 Chapter 1 The Study of Life -1 Chapter 2 The Molecules of Cells -1 Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function -1 Chapter 4 Membrane Structure and Function -1 Chapter 5 Cell Division -1 Chapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes -1 Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration -1 Chapter 8 Photosynthesis -1 Chapter 9 Plant Organization and Growth -1 Chapter 10 Plant Physiology and Reproduction -1 Chapter 11 Human Organization -1 Chapter 12 Digestive System and Nutrition -1 Chapter 13 Cardiovascular System -1 Chapter 14 Lymphatic System and Immunity -1 Chapter 15 Respiratory System -1 Chapter 16 Urinary System and Excretion -1 Chapter 17 Nervous System -1 Chapter 18 Senses 361 18.1 Sensory Receptors and Sensations 362 18.2 Somatic Senses 364 18.3 Chemical Senses 366 18.4 Sense of Vision 368 18.5 Sense of Hearing 376 18.6 Sense of Balance 379 Chapter 19 Musculoskeletal System -1 Chapter 20 Endocrine System -1 Chapter 21 Reproductive System -1 Chapter 22 Development -1 Chapter 23 Patterns of Gene Inheritance -1 Chapter 24 Patterns of Chromosomol Inheritance -1 Chapter 25 Molecular Basis of Inheritance -1 Chapter 26 Biotechnology -1 Chapter 27 Origin and Evolution of Life -1 Chapter 28 Microbiology -1 Chapter 29 Plants -1 Chapter 30 Animals: Part I -1 Chapter 31 Animals: Part II -1 Chapter 32 Animal Behavior -1 Chapter 33 Population Ecology -1 Chapter 34 Community Ecology -1 Chapter 35 Biosphere -1 Chapter 36 Ecosystems and Human Interferences -1 Glossary -1 End of Book -1 Study Guide Table of Contents -1 Textbook Website -1 Student OLC -1 MHHE Website -1 Chapt19 383 Main Menu -1 Table of Contents -1 Preface -1 Chapter 1 The Study of Life -1 Chapter 2 The Molecules of Cells -1 Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function -1 Chapter 4 Membrane Structure and Function -1 Chapter 5 Cell Division -1 Chapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes -1 Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration -1 Chapter 8 Photosynthesis -1 Chapter 9 Plant Organization and Growth -1 Chapter 10 Plant Physiology and Reproduction -1 Chapter 11 Human Organization -1 Chapter 12 Digestive System and Nutrition -1 Chapter 13 Cardiovascular System -1 Chapter 14 Lymphatic System and Immunity -1 Chapter 15 Respiratory System -1 Chapter 16 Urinary System and Excretion -1 Chapter 17 Nervous System -1 Chapter 18 Senses -1 Chapter 19 Musculoskeletal System 383 19.1 Anatomy and Physiology of Bones 384 19.2 Bones of the Skeleton 387 19.3 Skeletal Muscles 395 19.4 Mechanism of Muscle Fiber Contraction 399 19.5 Whole Muscle Contraction 402 19.6 Exercise and Muscle Contraction 405 Chapter 20 Endocrine System -1 Chapter 21 Reproductive System -1 Chapter 22 Development -1 Chapter 23 Patterns of Gene Inheritance -1 Chapter 24 Patterns of Chromosomol Inheritance -1 Chapter 25 Molecular Basis of Inheritance -1 Chapter 26 Biotechnology -1 Chapter 27 Origin and Evolution of Life -1 Chapter 28 Microbiology -1 Chapter 29 Plants -1 Chapter 30 Animals: Part I -1 Chapter 31 Animals: Part II -1 Chapter 32 Animal Behavior -1 Chapter 33 Population Ecology -1 Chapter 34 Community Ecology -1 Chapter 35 Biosphere -1 Chapter 36 Ecosystems and Human Interferences -1 Study Guide Table of Contents -1 Glossary -1 End of Book -1 Textbook Website -1 Student OLC -1 MHHE Website -1 Chapt20 409 Main Menu -1 Table of Contents -1 Study Guide Table of Contents -1 Preface -1 Chapter 1 The Study of Life -1 Chapter 2 The Molecules of Cells -1 Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function -1 Chapter 4 Membrane Structure and Function -1 Chapter 5 Cell Division -1 Chapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes -1 Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration -1 Chapter 8 Photosynthesis -1 Chapter 9 Plant Organization and Growth -1 Chapter 10 Plant Physiology and Reproduction -1 Chapter 11 Human Organization -1 Chapter 12 Digestive System and Nutrition -1 Chapter 13 Cardiovascular System -1 Chapter 14 Lymphatic System and Immunity -1 Chapter 15 Respiratory System -1 Chapter 16 Urinary System and Excreti