Macrophages in the Human Body : A Tissue Level Approach

Through recent research, there has been a significant number of findings involving the biology of macrophages. Beyond the 1st line of defense, macrophages have several specific characteristics across different tissues, organs, and systems. Macrophages comprehend a heterogeneous phagocytic population with wide range phenotypes, and tissue-specific functions, such as bone resorption, extracellular matrix production, red blood cells and bacteria removal, among others. Through innate immune receptors macrophages can modulate several pathways that culminate in the production of various types of inflammatory mediators such as chemokines, cytokines, oxygen reactive species, and lipid mediators which ultimately altered the behavior of other cells. Moreover, environment signals modify and induce metabolic reprograming that it alters phenotype and functions. Macrophages in the Human Body: A Tissue Level Approach presents a current overview of the diversity of macrophages across multiple human body systems, their phenotype, function and metabolic characteristics. It covers translational aspects where there is research support to indicate the therapeutic potential. Front Cover Macrophages in the Human Body: A Tissue Level Approach Copyright Contents Contributors Chapter 1 Macrophages: From Metchnikoff to 2020 and ahead References Chapter 2 Macrophage differentiation Background Macrophage origin and plasticity Mo-macrophage differentiation in vitro Tissue imprinting and niche replacement Innate immune memory: A new concept of trained macrophage immunity New macrophage spectral phenotype Macrophage spectral phenotype in inflammation and diseases Cancer Autoimmune diseases Concluding remarks References Chapter 3 Metabolic requirement for macrophages Introduction Glycolysis Pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) Tricarboxylic acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain Spectrum of macrophages and immunometabolism Pro-inflammatory macrophages Pro-regenerative macrophages Perspectives for therapies References Chapter 4 Spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphoid tissues—Inflammatory system Introduction Spleen The splenic red pulp region Red pulp macrophages The splenic white pulp White pulp macrophages The splenic marginal zone Macrophages in the marginal zone Marginal zone macrophages and tissue immunity Marginal metallophilic macrophages and tissue immunity Removal of apoptotic cells by macrophages in the marginal zone and immune tolerance Lymph node Subcapsular sinus macrophages Medullary sinus macrophages and medullary cord macrophages Lymph node macrophages development Acknowledgments References Chapter 5 Kidney—Inflammation and remodeling Macrophage heterogeneity and plasticity Monocyte recruitment and monocyte-derived macrophage diversity Macrophage plasticity Macrophages in acute kidney injury M1 macrophage proliferation M1 macrophage activation and function Anti-inflammatory macrophages Macrophages in chronic kidney disease Pro-fibrotic macrophages Macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition Macrophage granulomas Macrophages during different kidney disease stages Therapeutic prospects of macrophage function Conclusions References Chapter 6 Dermal macrophages in health and disease Introduction Dermal macrophage characterization and phenotype DM activation profile Dermal macrophage ontogeny Dermal macrophage functions Homeostasis DM and infections Dermal macrophages and wound healing DM and comorbidities associated with diabetes Final considerations and future directions Acknowledgments References Chapter 7 Bone—From macrophage to osteoclast and osteolytic diseases Introduction and historical background Molecular signature for osteoclast differentiation M-CSF/CSF1R (c-Fms) RANK/RANKL/OPG RANK downstream signaling pathway The MAPK signaling JNK signaling ERK signaling Canonical and non-canonical NF- κ B signaling pathways Ca2+ and costimulatory signaling in osteoclasts Osteolytic diseases Osteoporosis Rheumatoid arthritis/osteoarthritis Periodontitis Fracture healing References Chapter 8 Microglia and border-associated macrophages in the central nervous system CNS macrophages heterogeneity and beyond Macrophage’s phenotype in the brain General functions of microglia and BAMs Macrophages in CNS disorders Aging Alzheimer’s disease Multiple sclerosis Brain cancer Stroke Other brain’s disease Concluding remarks References Chapter 9 Intestines—Inflammatory and digestive system Introduction Macrophages: Ontogeny, subtypes, and classic markers Gastrointestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer Metabolic pathways macrophages Microbial metabolites in intestinal macrophages Short-chain fatty acids Axis arginine-polyamines Tryptophan Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 10 Lungs—Inflammatory and respiratory system Lung-resident macrophage ontogeny and phenotype Lung macrophages in homeostatic conditions Lung macrophages in inflammatory conditions Conclusion remarks References Chapter 11 Macrophages in the immune-endocrine milieu of reproductive tissues Introduction Macrophages in the male reproductive tract: Focus on the testis and epididymis Testis Epididymis Macrophages in the female reproductive tract Ovary Uterine tubes Macrophages under regulation of sex hormones Conclusions/perspectives References Chapter 12 Macrophages at the maternal-fetal interface Introduction Macrophage origin in placenta Tissue specialization, phenotype, and functional properties of Hofbauer and decidual macrophages Macrophages and their contribution to placental immune privilege in COVID times Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 13 Targeting macrophages in systemic diseases Introduction Distribution of monocytes and their subtypes in the peripheral blood Macrophage subtypes in tissues The role of monocytes and macrophages in systemic autoimmune diseases Systemic lupus erythematosus Monocytes in systemic lupus erythematosus Macrophages in systemic lupus erythematosus Rheumatoid arthritis Monocytes in rheumatoid arthritis Macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis Systemic sclerosis Monocytes in systemic sclerosis Macrophages in systemic sclerosis Sjögren syndrome Monocytes in Sjögren syndrome Macrophages in Sjögren syndrome The role of monocytes and macrophages in systemic vasculitis Monocytes in systemic vasculitis Macrophages in systemic vasculitis Macrophage activation syndrome and hyperactive immune syndromes References Index Back Cover Through recent research, there has been a significant number of findings involving the biology of macrophages. Beyond the 1st line of defense, macrophages have several specific characteristics across different tissues, organs, and systems. Macrophages comprehend a heterogeneous phagocytic population with wide range phenotypes, and tissue-specific functions, such as bone resorption, extracellular matrix production, red blood cells and bacteria removal, among others. Through innate immune receptors macrophages can modulate several pathways that culminate in the production of various types of inflammatory mediators such as chemokines, cytokines, oxygen reactive species, and lipid mediators which ultimately altered the behavior of other cells. Moreover, environment signals modify and induce metabolic reprograming that it alters phenotype and functions.Macrophages in the Human Body: A Tissue Level Approach presents a current overview of the diversity of macrophages across multiple human body systems, their phenotype, function and metabolic characteristics. It covers translational aspects where there is research support to indicate the therapeutic potential. Covers translational aspects where there is research support to indicate potential therapeutic potential Aims at presenting a current overview of the diversity of macrophages across multiple human body systems, their phenotype, function and metabolic characteristics Introduces Macrophages generally and dive into the organ/tissue/specific representations covering their phenotype, function, and metabolic characteristics Brings updated aspects of macrophages biology