Macromolecular Characterization of Hydrocarbons for Sustainable Future: Applications to Hydrocarbon Value Chain (Green Energy and Technology)

This book discusses the macromolecular characterization of hydrocarbon components and their industrial applications for sustainable future development. It provides efficient integrated solutions and feasible industrial applications for sustainable cleaner and greener future. The book covers recent trends in the use of hydrocarbons such as crude oil, coal and shale, biomass and other carbon materials. Various topics covered in this book include challenges in mature field redevelopment, enhanced oil recovery, optical characteristics of petroleum crudes-surfactants-brine solutions, challenges and issues in processing hydrocarbons, 'coal for future cleaner fuel and chemicals' and 'biomass for fuels and chemicals'. The book is useful for the researchers and professionals working in the area of petroleum engineering. Preface Contents About the Editor Hydrocarbon System and Characterization 1 Hydrocarbon Cycle for Sustainable Future: Clean Energy and Green Environment of the Earth 1 Introduction 2 Clean Coal Technology 2.1 Conventional Use of Coal 2.2 Clean Coal Technology for Future 3 Processing of Heavy Hydrocarbons 3.1 Downhole in Situ Upgrading 3.2 Radiation-Thermal Upgrading 3.3 Most Recent Upgrading Concepts 3.4 Concluding Remarks 4 Conversion of Biomass 4.1 Biofuels from Biomass 4.2 Chemicals from Biomass 5 CO2 Capture and Sequestration (CCS) 5.1 CO2 Capture 5.2 Geological Carbon Storage (GCS) 5.3 Bioenergy with CCS (BECCS) 6 Methanol—The ‘Chemical Link’ Between Present and Future 7 Concluding Remarks Acknowledgements References 2 Exploration of Molecules in Hydrocarbons with an Interdisciplinary Approach: Current Status and Future Implications 1 Introduction 2 Molecules in Hydrocarbon System 2.1 Fossil Fuel System 2.2 Biomass System 3 Characterization of Hydrocarbon Components: Conventional Techniques for Structural and Molecular Profiling 4 Optical to IR Spectroscopic Approach 4.1 UV–Visible Absorption Spectroscopy 4.2 UV–Visible Fluorescence Spectroscopy 4.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 5 Combinations of Optical Study for Exploration of Hydrocarbon Molecules in Crude Oil and Coal 6 Concluding Remarks for Future Implications Acknowledgements References Crude Oil 3 Challenges in Mature Field Redevelopment 1 Introduction 2 Mature Field Management 2.1 Managing Production Decline and Increasing Recovery 2.2 Management and Integration of Process Facilities 2.3 Produced Water Management 3 Indian Scenario 4 Journey Ahead 4.1 Onshore 4.2 Offshore 5 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 4 Interaction of Clay–Crude Oil–Injection Brine: An Experimental Approach for Understanding the Effectiveness of Low Saline Water (LSW) During Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) 1 Introduction 2 Materials, Experiments and Instrumentation 2.1 Samples and Materials Used 2.2 Sample Preparation and Experimental Procedures 2.2.1 Oil–Brine-Treated Clay Samples 2.2.2 Interaction Study Between Oil-Treated Clay and Saline Water 2.3 Instrumentation and Analytical Details 2.3.1 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) 2.3.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 2.3.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 2.3.4 UV–Visible Spectroscopy 2.3.5 Fluorescence Spectroscopy 2.3.6 Powder Wettability 2.3.7 Contact Angle Measurement 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Characterization of Bentonite 3.2 Crude Oil Characterization 3.3 Oil and Brine-Treated Bentonite 3.4 Interaction Study of Oil-Treated Bentonite and Saline Water 3.4.1 Wettability Status of the Bentonite By Powder Wettability Contact Angle Measurement 3.4.2 Study with Filtrate UV Analysis Fluorescence Spectroscopic Analysis 4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 5 Optical Characteristics of Petroleum Crudes–Surfactant–Brine Solutions: Understanding Molecular Level Interaction for Designing Injection Fluids for Enhanced Oil Recovery 1 Introduction 2 Materials, Methods and Instrumentation 2.1 Materials 2.2 Methods 2.3 Instrumentation and Analytical Procedures 2.3.1 Crude Characterization 2.3.2 Interaction Study of Crude Oil in Surfactant-Brine Solutions 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Crude Oil Characterization 3.1.1 Physical Properties and Chemical Composition 3.1.2 Spectroscopic Properties 3.2 Characterization of Crude Oil in Surfactant–Brine Solutions 3.2.1 Particle Size Analysis 3.2.2 UV–Vis Absorption Spectroscopy 3.2.3 Fluorescence Spectroscopy 4 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 6 Heavy Oil Characterization and Enhanced Oil Recovery: Challenges and Opportunities 1 Introduction 1.1 What Is Heavy Oil? 1.2 The Challenges in Production of Heavy Oil 2 Samples and Experimental Procedure 2.1 Crude Oil Samples and Sample Preparation 2.2 Crude Characterization 2.2.1 Density Measurement 2.2.2 SARA Analysis 2.2.3 Rheological Study 2.2.4 Thermal Analysis 3 Results 3.1 Physico-Chemical Characterization of Crudes 3.2 Rheological Behaviour of the Crudes 3.3 Thermal Behaviour of Crudes 4 Discussion 4.1 Rheology and Production Planning 4.2 Thermal Behaviour 5 Conclusions and Way Forward Acknowledgements References 7 Feasibility of the Gas and Downhole Water Sink-Assisted Gravity Drainage (GDWS-AGD) Process to Enhance the Recovery of Oil in Reservoirs with Strong Aquifer 1 Introduction 2 Gas and Downhole Water Sink-Assisted Gravity Drainage (GDWS-AGD) Process 3 PUNQ Reservoir Description and Modelling 4 Simulation of the GDWS-AGD Process 5 GDWS-AGD Sensitivity Analysis 6 Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgements References 8 Hydrocarbon Processing: Futuristic Issues and Challenges 1 Introduction 2 Hydrocarbon Processing 3 Operational Challenges and Technological Intervention 3.1 Flow Assurance 3.2 Demulsification 3.3 H2S Mitigation 3.4 Effective Effluent Management 3.5 Maintaining Pipeline Integrity 4 Conclusions and Way Forward Acknowledgements References 9 Macromolecular Characterization of Petroleum Crude for Deeper Insights into Acute Flow Problems: A Case Study from Lakwa Oil Field, Assam, India 1 Introduction 1.1 Crude Oil Characteristics of Assam Asset 1.2 Case study Well of Lakwa Field (Safrai# 10) 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 4 Discussions and Conclusions Acknowledgements References 10 Feasibility Study of Crude Oil Asphaltenes as Light-Harvesting Materials for Organic Photovoltaics: Light Absorption Characteristics of the Thin Film with P3HT 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Methods 2.3 Thin Film Preparation and Thermal Annealing 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions Acknowledgments References Coal 11 Petrographic and Organic Geochemical Characterizations of Early Eocene Lignites, Cambay Basin, Western India 1 Background 2 Study Area and Age 2.1 Study Area 2.2 Age 3 Samples and Methods 3.1 Sampling 3.2 Petrographical Studies 3.3 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis 3.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 3.5 Biomarker Analyses 3.6 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry 4 Results 4.1 Petrographical Studies 4.2 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis Data 4.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 4.4 Biomarker Analyses 5 Discussions 5.1 Type of Kerogen and Source Rock Potential 5.2 Source Vegetation and Depositional Environment 6 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 12 Molecular Insight of Coal: A Spectroscopic Approach for Evaluating Maturity Parameters 1 Introduction 2 Materials, Methods and Instrumentation 2.1 Materials 2.2 Methods 2.3 Instrumentation 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis and VRo 3.2 FTIR Spectroscopy 3.3 UV–Visible Spectroscopy 3.4 Fluorescence Spectroscopy 4 Summary Acknowledgements References 13 Greenfield Energies from Underground Coal Gasification and Liquefaction of Solid Fossil Fuels—Basics and Future Potentiality in India 1 Introduction 2 Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) 2.1 Desirable Coal Characters 2.1.1 Physical Attributes of Target Coal Seam 2.1.2 Chemical Properties of Target Coal Seam 2.1.3 Geo-Mechanical Character of Coal and Associated Strata 2.1.4 Structural Set-up 2.1.5 Overburden Characteristics 2.1.6 Hydrological Regime 2.1.7 Land Use Considerations 2.2 Basics of UGC Process, Chemical Reactions and Void Formation 2.3 Environmental Impact 2.4 Surface Subsidence and Effect on the Permeability of Overburden 2.5 Advantages of UCG 2.6 UCG, Greenhouse Gases and CO2 Capture Storage (CCS) 2.7 Future Potentiality of UCG in India 3 Coal Liquefaction (Coal to Oil CTL) 3.1 Coal Petrographic Input in Favour of CTL 3.1.1 Role of Reactive Macerals 3.1.2 Vitrinite Reflectance (VR) and Effect of Its Suppression 3.2 Expulsion of Liquid Hydrocarbon 3.3 CTL Processes 3.4 Indian Scenario, Recent Advancement and Future Potential 3.4.1 Talcher Coalfield, Mahanadi Valley Basin 3.4.2 Ib-River Coalfield, Mahanadi Valley Basin 3.4.3 Mand-Raigarh Coalfield, Son Valley Basin 3.4.4 Godavari Coalfield 3.4.5 Lignites of Cambay Basin 3.5 Recent Advances 3.5.1 TGA-DTA Analysis 3.5.2 FTIR Spectral Analysis 3.5.3 Ultraviolet (UV) Visible Spectroscopy 3.5.4 Ultraviolet (UV) Fluorescence Spectroscopy 4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 14 Maturity Assessment of Cambay Shale Formation (CSF) for Hydrocarbon Prospect: A Molecular Structure Approach with Optical Spectroscopy Study 1 Introduction 2 Background Geology and Sample for Study 3 Methodology and Instrumentation 4 Results 4.1 FTIR 4.2 UV–Visible Spectroscopy 4.3 Fluorescence Spectroscopy 4.4 Mud Logging Data of Well#2 and Well#3 5 Discussion and Conclusions Acknowledgements References 15 Radio Frequency (RF) Plasma Treatment of Coal: Preliminary Results and Future Projections 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Biomass System, Carbon Materials and Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) 16 Recent Advances in Biomass Gasification: A Review 1 Introduction 2 Biomass Feedstock 3 Biomass Gasification 3.1 Gasifier Types and Operating Parameters 4 Theoretical Aspects of Conversion Processes 5 Uses of Syngas 6 Catalytic Gasification of Biomass 6.1 Dolomite, Olivine and Alkali Metal-Based Catalysts 6.2 Nickel-Based Catalysts 6.3 Dual Bed Gasifier with Catalyst 7 Conclusion References 17 Algal Biomass Generation as Feedstock for Sustainable Bio-oil Production 1 Introduction 2 Algal Cultivation and Processing 2.1 Algae Cultivation 2.1.1 Open Pond System 2.1.2 Closed System Tubular Photobioreactor Flat Panel Reactor Column Photobioreactor 2.1.3 Hybrid System 2.2 Growth Patterns Under Different Nutritional Sources 2.2.1 Phototrophic Growth 2.2.2 Heterotrophic Growth 2.2.3 Mixotrophic Growth 2.3 Downstream Processing 2.3.1 Harvesting and Dewatering 3 Biofuel Products from Microalgae 3.1 Algal Fatty Acids for Bio-oil 3.1.1 Environmental Effects on Microalgae Lipids 3.1.2 Effect of Nitrogen 3.1.3 Effect of Phosphorous 3.2 Algal Bio-oil Production 3.2.1 Solvent-Based Oil Extraction and Transesterification 3.2.2 Bio-oil by Pyrolysis 3.2.3 Bio-Oil by Hydro Thermal Liquification (HTL) 3.3 Algae Aviation Fuel Prospective 4 Future Prospective 5 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 18 CO2 Bio-sequestration Studies on Microalgae—An Approach Through Sustainable Biofuel Production 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Microalgae and Growth Conditions 2.2 PBR Setup 2.3 Analytical Procedures 2.3.1 Determination of Growth and Biomass Productivity 2.3.2 Measurement of Dissolved Carbon Dioxide 2.3.3 Determination of Pigments 2.3.4 Determination of Lipids 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Effect on Dry Cell Weight, Biomass Productivity and Growth 3.2 Effect on pH Value 3.3 CO2 Bio-sequestration Profile 3.4 Pigment Composition Profile 3.5 Effect of CO2 on Biochemical Composition of Microalgae 4 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 19 Role of Advance Carbon Materials in the New Paradigm of Energy and Environment 1 Introduction 1.1 India’s Energy Sector 1.2 Hydrocarbon Sector in India 1.3 Paradigm Shift in Automobile Sector 2 Advance Carbon Materials 2.1 Petroleum Coke 2.1.1 Raw/Green Petroleum Coke 2.1.2 Calcined Petroleum Coke (CPC) 2.1.3 Calcined Needle Coke (CNC) 2.2 Spherical Graphite for Lithium-Ion Battery 2.3 Carbon Black 2.4 Carbon Fibre 2.5 Carbon Foam 2.6 Carbon Nanotubes 2.7 Graphene 3 Challenges 4 Conclusions References 20 Synthetic Production, In-house Utilization and Subsurface Disposal of Sodium Carbonate: A Novel Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Strategy 1 Introduction 2 The Proposed CCUS Strategy 2.1 Step 1: Synthetic Production of Na2CO3 2.2 Step 2: Utilization of Produced Na2CO3 2.3 Step 3: Subsurface Disposal of Aqueous Na2CO3 Solution 3 Summary References