Machine Tool Reliability

A one-volume guide to the most essential techniques for designing and building dependable distributed systems Instead of covering a broad range of research works for each dependability strategy, this useful reference focuses on only a selected few (usually the most seminal works, the most practical approaches, or the first publication of each approach), explaining each in depth, usually with a comprehensive set of examples. Each technique is dissected thoroughly enough so that readers who are not familiar with dependable distributed computing can actually grasp the technique after studying the book. Building Dependable Distributed Systems consists of eight chapters. The first introduces the basic concepts and terminology of dependable distributed computing, and also provides an overview of the primary means of achieving dependability. Checkpointing and logging mechanisms, which are the most commonly used means of achieving limited degree of fault tolerance, are described in the second chapter. Works on recovery-oriented computing, focusing on the practical techniques that reduce the fault detection and recovery times for Internet-based applications, are covered in chapter three. Chapter four outlines the replication techniques for data and service fault tolerance. This chapter also pays particular attention to optimistic replication and the CAP theorem. Chapter five explains a few seminal works on group communication systems. Chapter six introduces the distributed consensus problem and covers a number of Paxos family algorithms in depth. The Byzantine generals problem and its latest solutions, including the seminal Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) algorithm and a number of its derivatives, are introduced in chapter seven. The final chapter details the latest research results surrounding application-aware Byzantine fault tolerance, which represents an important step forward in the practical use of Byzantine fault tolerance techniques. Cover Front page Copyright page Contents Title page Preface Acknowledgements Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Basic Reliability Terms and Concepts 1.2 Machine Tool Failure 1.3 Machine Tool Reliability: Manufacturer’s View Point 1.4 Machine Tool Reliability: User’s View Point 1.5 Organization of the Book End Notes Chapter 2: Basic Reliability Mathematics 2.1 Functions Describing Lifetime as a Random Variable 2.2 Probability Distributions Used in Reliability Engineering 2.3 Life Data Analysis 2.4 Stochastic Models for Repairable Systems 2.5 Simulation Approach for Reliability Engineering 2.6 Use of Bayesian Methods in Reliability Engineering 2.7 Closing Remarks Chapter 3: Machine Tool Performance Measures 3.1 Identifying Performance Measures 3.2 Mechanism to Link Users’ Operational Measures with Machine Reliability and Maintenance Parameters1 3.3 Closing Remarks End Note Chapter 4: Expert Judgement-Based Parameter Estimation Method for Machine Tool Reliability Analysis 4.1 Expert Judgement as an Alternative Source of Data in Reliability Studies 4.2 Expert Judgement-Based Parameter Estimation Methods 4.3 Some Desirable Properties of a “Good” Estimator 4.4 Closing Remarks Chapter 5: Machine Tool Maintenance Scenarios, Models and Optimization 5.1 Overview of Maintenance 5.2 Machine Tool Maintenance 5.3 Machine Tool Maintenance Scenarios 5.4 Preventive Maintenance Optimization Models for Different Maintenance Scenarios 5.5 Closing Remarks Chapter 6: Reliability and Maintenance-Based Design of Machine Tools 6.1 Optimal Reliability Design 6.2 Optimal Reliability Design of Machine Tools 6.3 Failure Mode and Effects Analysis 6.4 Closing Remarks Chapter 7: Machine Tool Maintenance and Process Quality Control 7.1 Development of Statistical Process Control (SPC) 7.2 Economic Design of Control Chart 7.3 Process Failure 7.4 Joint Optimization of Maintenance Planning and Quality Control Policy 7.5 Joint Optimization of Maintenance Planning and Quality Control Policy Using X-Control Chart 7.6 Joint Optimization of Preventive Maintenance and Quality Policy Incorporating Taguchi Quadratic Loss Function 7.7 Joint Optimization of Preventive Maintenance and Quality Policy Based on Taguchi Quadratic Loss Function Using CUSUM Control Chart 7.8 Extension of the Joint Optimization of Maintenance Planning and Quality Control Policy for Multi-component System 7.9 Closing Remarks Endnotes Chapter 8: Joint Optimization of Production Scheduling with Integrated Maintenance Scheduling and Quality Control Policy 8.1 Production Scheduling 8.2 Exploring the Link between Production Scheduling and Maintenance 8.3 The Optimal Scheduling Problem 8.4 Joint Optimization of Preventive Maintenance and Quality Control 8.5 Integration of Production Scheduling with Jointly Optimized Preventive Maintenance and Quality Control Policy 8.6 Numerical Illustration 8.7 Solving a Larger Problem 8.8 Extension of the Integrated Approach Multiple Machine in Series 8.9 Closing Remarks Chapter 9: Machine Tool Reliability: Future Research Directions 9.1 Moving towards Servitization 9.2 Multi Agent-Based Systems 9.3 Closing Remarks References Appendix: A1 Appendix: A2 Index Untitled "This book covers the most essential techniques for designing and building dependable distributed systems. Instead of covering a broad range of research works for each dependability strategy, the book focuses only a selected few (usually the most seminal works, the most practical approaches, or the first publication of each approach) are included and explained in depth, usually with a comprehensive set of examples. The goal is to dissect each technique thoroughly so that readers who are not familiar with dependable distributed computing can actually grasp the technique after studying the book. The book contains eight chapters. The first chapter introduces the basic concepts and terminologies of dependable distributed computing, and also provide an overview of the primary means for achieving dependability. The second chapter describes in detail the checkpointing and logging mechanisms, which are the most commonly used means to achieve limited degree of fault tolerance. Such mechanisms also serve as the foundation for more sophisticated dependability solutions. Chapter three covers the works on recovery-oriented computing, which focus on the practical techniques that reduce the fault detection and recovery times for Internet-based applications. Chapter four outlines the replication techniques for data and service fault tolerance. This chapter also pays particular attention to optimistic replication and the CAP theorem. Chapter five explains a few seminal works on group communication systems. Chapter six introduces the distributed consensus problem and covers a number of Paxos family algorithms in depth. Chapter seven introduces the Byzantine generals problem and its latest solutions, including the seminal Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) algorithm and a number of its derivatives. The final chapter covers the latest research results on application-aware Byzantine fault tolerance, which is an important step forward towards practical use of Byzantine fault tolerance techniques"-- Provided by publisher "Recent advances in science and technology have made modern computing and engineering systems more powerful and sophisticated than ever. The increasing complexity and scale imply that system reliability problems not only continue to be a challenge but also require more efficient models and solutions. This is the first book systematically covering the state-of-the-art binary decision diagrams and their extended models, which can provide efficient and exact solutions to reliability analysis of large and complex systems. The book provides both basic concepts and detailed algorithms for modelling and evaluating reliability of a wide range of complex systems, such as multi-state systems, phased-mission systems, fault-tolerant systems with imperfect fault coverage, systems with common-cause failures, systems with disjoint failures, and systems with functional dependent failures. These types of systems abound in safety-critical or mission-critical applications such as aerospace, circuits, power systems, medical systems, telecommunication systems, transmission systems, traffic light systems, data storage systems, and etc. The book provides both small-scale illustrative examples and large-scale benchmark examples to demonstrate broad applications and advantages of different decision diagrams based methods for complex system reliability analysis. Other measures including component importance and failure frequency are also covered. A rich set of references is cited in the book, providing helpful resources for readers to pursue further research and study of the topics. The target audience of the book is reliability and safety engineers or researchers. The book can serve as a textbook on system reliability analysis. It can also serve as a tutorial and reference book on decision diagrams, multi-state systems, phased-mission systems, and imperfect fault coverage models. "-- Provided by publisher Machine generated contents note: Preface xiii Nomenclature xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Historical Developments 1 1.2 Reliability and Safety Applications 4 2 Basic Reliability Theory and Models 7 2.1 Probabiltiy Concepts 7 2.2 Reliability Measures 14 2.3 Fault Tree Analysis 17 3 Fundamentals of Binary Decision Diagrams 33 3.1 Preliminaries 34 3.2 Basic Concepts 34 3.3 BDD Construction 35 3.4 BDD Evaluation 42 3.5 BDD-Based Software Package 44 4 Application of BDD to Binary-State Systems 45 4.1 Network Reliability Analysis 45 4.2 Event Tree Analysis 47 4.3 Failure Frequency Analysis 50 4.4 Importance Measures and Analysis 54 4.5 Modularization Methods 60 4.6 Non-Coherent Systems 60 4.7 Disjoint Failures 65 4.8 Dependent Failures 68 5 Phased-Mission Systems 73 5.1 System Description 74 5.2 Rules of Phase Algebra 75 5.3 BDD-Based Method for PMS Analysis 76 5.4 Mission Performance Analysis 81 6 Multi-State Systems 85 6.1 Assumptions 86 6.2 An Illustrative Example 86 6.3 MSS Representation 87 6.4 Multi-State BDD (MBDD) 90 6.5 Logarithmically-Encoded BDD (LBDD) 94 6.6 Multi-State Multi-Valued Decision Diagrams (MMDD) 98 6.7 Performance Evaluation and Benchmarks 102 6.8 Summary 117 7 Fault Tolerant Systems and Coverage Models 119 7.1 Basic Types 120 7.2 Imperfect Coverage Model 122 7.3 Applications to Binary-State Systems 123 7.4 Applications to Multi-State Systems 129 7.5 Applications to Phased-Mission Systems 133 7.6 Summary 139 8 Shared Decision Diagrams 143 8.1 Multi-Rooted Decision Diagrams 144 8.2 Multi-Terminal Decision Diagrams 148 8.3 Performance Study on Multi-State Systems 151 8.4 Application to Phased-Mission Systems 163 8.5 Application to Multi-State k-out-of-n Systems 168 8.6 Importance Measures 176 8.7 Failure Frequency Based Measures 180 8.8 Summary 183 Conclusions 185 References 187 Index 205 . Provides fundamentals of reliability engineering and illustrates practical applications in the area of parallel/distributed systems (Multistage Interconnection Networks) The first part of the book (chapters 1–5) introduces the concept of reliability engineering, elements of probability theory, probability distributions, availability, and data analysis. The second part of the book (chapters 6–11) provides an overview of parallel/distributed computing, network design considerations, classification of multistage interconnection networks, network reliability evaluation methods, and reliability analysis of multistage interconnection networks including reliability prediction of distributed systems using Monte Carlo method. Fundamentals of Reliability Engineering meets the increasing demand for knowledge tools that practicing reliability professionals can use to optimize their reliability decisions. Reliability prediction is important as it determines the usability and efficiency of the network to provide services. Reliability evaluation methods discussed in this book can be applied to analyze the reliability of any other systems. As an example, reliability analysis of distributed systems that consist of layers of switching elements connected together in a predefined topology that provide the connectivity between the set of processors and the set of memory modules, are presented. "Distributed systems employed in critical infrastructures must fulfill dependability, timeliness, and performance specifications. Since these systems most often operate in an unpredictable environment, their design and maintenance require quantitative evaluation of deterministic and probabilistic timed models. This need gave birth to an abundant literature devoted to formal modeling languages combined with analytical and simulative solution techniques The aim of the book is to provide an overview of techniques and methodologies dealing with such specific issues in the context of distributed systems and covering aspects such as performance evaluation, reliability/availability, energy efficiency, scalability, and sustainability. Specifically, techniques for checking and verifying if and how a distributed system satisfies the requirements, as well as how to properly evaluate non-functional aspects, or how to optimize the overall behavior of the system, are all discussed in the book. The scope has been selected to provide a thorough coverage on issues, models. and techniques relating to validation, evaluation and optimization of distributed systems. The key objective of this book is to help to bridge the gaps between modeling theory and the practice in distributed systems through specific examples."-- Provided by publisher This Book Presents Fundamentals Of Reliability Engineering With Its Applications In Evaluating Reliability Of Multistage Interconnection Networks. In The First Part Of The Book, It Introduces The Concept Of Reliability Engineering, Elements Of Probability Theory, Probability Distributions, Availability And Data Analysis. The Second Part Of The Book Provides An Overview Of Parallel/distributed Computing, Network Design Considerations, And More. The Book Covers A Comprehensive Reliability Engineering Methods And Its Practical Aspects In The Interconnection Network Systems. Students, Engineers, Researchers, Managers Will Find This Book As A Valuable Reference Source. A guide to the essential techniques for designing and building dependable distributed systems. Instead of covering a broad range of research works for each dependability strategy, it focuses on only a selected few, explaining each in depth, usually with a comprehensive set of examples.