Machine drawing

Cover 1 Preface 6 Contents 8 1. A Language of Engineers 14 1.1 Introduction 14 1.2 Brief History of Drawing 14 1.3 Importance of Graphical Language in Engineering 16 1.4 Machine Drawing 16 2. Drawing Standard 18 2.1 Sizes of Drawing Sheets 18 2.2 Layout of Drawing Sheets 20 2.3 Folding of Drawing Sheets 21 2.4 Lines 22 2.5 Technical Lettering 26 2.6 Engineering Scale 28 2.7 Dimesioning 29 3. Orthographic Projection 32 3.1 Introduction 32 3.2 First Angle Projection 36 3.3 Third Angle Projection 38 3.4 Glass Box Method 41 3.5 Examples 43 3.6 Exercise 46 4. Development of Surfaces 48 4.1 Introduction 48 4.2 Application 48 4.3 Methods of Development 48 4.4 Problems 51 Exercises 114 5. Intersection of Solids 119 5.1 Introduction 119 5.2 Methods of Determining Lines of Intersection 119 5.3 Intersection of Two Prisms 120 5.4 Intersection of Two Cylinders 129 5.5 Intersection of Prism and Cylinder 137 5.6 Intersection of Cone and Prism 146 5.7 Intersection of Cone and Cylinder 151 5.8 Intersection of Pyramid and Prism 156 5.9 Intersection of Cone and Cone 157 5.10 Intersection of Pyramid and Cylinder 158 5.11 Practical Problems 159 Exercises 163 6. Conventional Representation of Machine Components 165 6.1 Introduction 165 7. Representation of Tolerance on Machine Components 171 7.1 Introduction 171 7.2 Limits, Fits and Tolerance 171 7.3 Machning and Surface Roughness Symbols 181 8. Representation of Welded Joints 191 8.1 Introduction 191 8.2 Method of Rrepresentation of Weld 191 8.3 Dimensioning of Welds 192 8.4 Convention Representation of Weld 193 8.5 Intermittent Fillet Welds 197 8.6 Indication of All Round Weld, Site Weld and Welding Process 198 8.7 Rules of Welding Symbols 199 8.8 Examples 199 Exercises 201 9. Riveted Joints 203 9.1 Introduction 203 9.2 Rivets and Riveting 203 9.3 Terms Used in Riveted Joints 204 9.4 Types of Rivet Heads 205 9.5 Caulking and Fullering 207 9.6 Propprtopms for Hole Diameter and Rivet Length 208 9.7 Classification of Riveted Joints and Joint Efficiency 208 9.8 Design Parameters of Rivet Joints 215 9.9 Rivet Symbols 216 9.10 Common Use of Rivet Joints 219 9.11 Review Questions 220 Exercises 220 10. Screw Fasteners 221 10.1 Introduction 221 10.2 Fasteners Function 222 10.3 Terms Used in Screw Threads 222 10.4 Types of Screw 223 10.5 Forms of Screw Threads 226 10.6 Common Types of Screw Factenings 229 10.7 Types of Bolts and Material 231 10.8 Locking Devices 232 10.9 Designation of Screw Threads 235 10.10 Setscrews 236 10.11 Multiple Threades Screws 237 10.12 Foundation Bolts 238 10.13 Screw Symbols 241 10.14 Over-Tightening Vs. Under-Tightening 241 10.15 Applications of Fasteners 241 11. Keys 242 11.1 Introduction 242 11.2 Types of Keys 242 Exercises 247 12. Cotter and Kunckle Joints 248 12.1 Introduction 248 12.2 Cotter Joints 248 12.3 Types of Cotter Joints 249 12.4 Knuckle Joints 252 Exercises 254 13. Pulleys 255 13.1 Introduction 255 13.2 History 255 13.3 Types of Pulleys 255 13.4 Applications of Pulley 260 Exercises 260 14. Shaft Couplings 261 14.1 Introduction 261 14.2 Types of Couplings 261 14.3 Rigid Couplings 262 14.4 Flexible Couplings 265 14.5 Non-Aligned Couplings 268 14.6 Miscellaneous Couplings 274 14.7 Applications of Couplings in Industries 280 Exercises 281 15. Pipe Joints and Fittings 282 15.1 Introduction 282 15.2 Pipe Joints 282 15.3 Pipe Fittings 286 15.4 Symbols for Pipe Fittings 287 15.5 Designation for Pipe 291 Exercises 292 16. Sectional Views 293 16.1 Introduction 293 16.2 Cutting Plane Line 295 16.3 Section Lining 295 16.4 Types of Cutting Plane Sections 296 16.5 Additional Section Views 298 16.6 Threaded Parts 301 16.7 Conventional Breaks 301 Exercises 302 17. Assembly and Details 303 17.1 Introduction 303 17.2 Details Drawings 303 17.3 Assembly Drawings 304 17.4 Engine Parts 304 17.5 Bearings 314 17.6 Valves 325 17.7 Expansion Joint 344 17.8 Screw Jack 348 17.9 Crane Hook 353 17.10 Machine Tools Parts 356 17.11 Jigs and Fixtures 391 Exercises 407 18. Free Hand Sketches 408 18.1 Introduction 408 18.2 Importance of Free Hand Skectches 408 18.3 Freehand Sketching Fundamentals 408 18.4 Freehand Sketch Lines and Circles 409 18.5 CAD and Technical Freehand Drawing 410 18.6 Freehand Sketches of Bearings 410 18.7 Freehand Sketches of Pulleys 415 18.8 Freehand Sketch of Arbor 420 18.9 Freehand Sketch of Wall Bracket 421 Exercises 423