Machiavelli : iktidar filozofu

Meticulously reviewed and updated for today’s medical students, Basic Immunology, 6th Edition , is a concise text expertly written by the same distinguished author team as the best-selling, comprehensive text, Cellular and Molecular Immunology . This focused, easy-to-understand volume uses full-color illustrations and clinical images, useful tables, and practical features such as Summary Point boxes, end-of-chapter review questions, glossary terms, and clinical cases— all designed to help students master this complex topic in the most efficient, effective manner possible. Emphasizes clinical aspects of immunology , including disease pathogenesis, the development of novel therapies based on basic science, and an appendix of clinical cases for real-world application. Provides top-notch instruction from experienced teachers, course directors, and lecturers led by well-known editor and author Dr. Abul Abbas. Features a highly readable writing style and practical organization, now with fully revised content and updated images to reflect recent important advances in today’s understanding of the immune system. Presents information in a format and style that maximizes usefulness to students and teachers studying medicine, allied health fields, and biology. Contains numerous features designed to help students understand key immunologic concepts : high-quality illustrations, practical tables, chapter outlines, bolded key points, and focus questions in every chapter for self-assessment and review. Evolve Instructor site with a downloadable image bank is available to instructors through their Elsevier sales rep or via request at: https://evolve.elsevier.com Front Cover......Page 1 IFC ......Page 2 Basic IMMUNOLOGY: FUNCTIONS AND DISORDERS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ......Page 3 Basic IMMUNOLOGY: FUNCTIONS AND DISORDERS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ......Page 5 Copyright ......Page 6 Dedication......Page 7 PREFACE......Page 8 CONTENTS......Page 9 Basic IMMUNOLOGY: FUNCTIONS AND DISORDERS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ......Page 11 1 - Introduction to the Immune System: Nomenclature, General Properties, and Components......Page 13 TYPES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY......Page 16 Specificity and Diversity......Page 18 Memory......Page 19 Other Features of Adaptive Immunity......Page 20 Lymphocytes......Page 21 Antigen-Presenting Cells......Page 26 Peripheral (Secondary) Lymphoid Organs and Tissues......Page 27 Lymphocyte Recirculation and Migration into Tissues......Page 32 SUMMARY......Page 33 2 - Innate Immunity: The Early Defense Against Infections......Page 35 GENERAL FEATURES AND SPECIFICITY OF INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES......Page 36 Toll-Like Receptors......Page 38 Inflammasomes......Page 39 Cytosolic RNA and DNA Sensors......Page 41 Epithelial Barriers......Page 44 Phagocytes: Neutrophils and Monocytes/Macrophages......Page 45 Natural Killer Cells......Page 48 Lymphocytes with Limited Diversity......Page 50 Other Plasma Proteins of Innate Immunity......Page 51 INNATE IMMUNE REACTIONS......Page 53 Inflammation......Page 55 Recruitment of Phagocytes to Sites of Infection and Tissue Damage......Page 56 Phagocytosis and Destruction of Microbes......Page 57 Regulation of Innate Immune Responses......Page 58 ROLE OF INNATE IMMUNITY IN STIMULATING ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES......Page 59 SUMMARY......Page 61 3 - Antigen Capture and Presentation to Lymphocytes: What Lymphocytes See......Page 63 ANTIGENS RECOGNIZED BY T LYMPHOCYTES......Page 64 CAPTURE OF PROTEIN ANTIGENS BY ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS......Page 65 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX MOLECULES......Page 69 Class II MHC Molecules......Page 70 Properties of MHC Genes and Proteins......Page 71 Inheritance Patterns and Nomenclature of HLA Genes......Page 72 Peptide Binding to MHC Molecules......Page 73 PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION OF PROTEIN ANTIGENS......Page 75 Proteolysis of Cytosolic Proteins......Page 76 Transport of Peptide-MHC Complexes to the Cell Surface......Page 77 Internalization and Proteolysis of Antigens......Page 78 Binding of Peptides to Class II MHC Molecules......Page 79 Cross-Presentation of Internalized Antigens to CD8+ T Cells......Page 80 Physiologic Significance of MHC-Associated Antigen Presentation......Page 81 ANTIGEN RECOGNITION BY B CELLS AND OTHER LYMPHOCYTES......Page 83 SUMMARY......Page 84 4 - Antigen Recognition in the Adaptive Immune System: Structure of Lymphocyte Antigen Receptors and Development of Immune Repertoires......Page 85 ANTIGEN RECEPTORS OF LYMPHOCYTES......Page 86 Antibodies......Page 88 Monoclonal Antibodies......Page 90 Antigen Recognition by the T Cell Receptor......Page 92 DEVELOPMENT OF B AND T LYMPHOCYTES......Page 95 Lymphocyte Development......Page 96 Somatic Recombination and Expression of Antigen Receptor Genes......Page 98 Mechanisms of V(D)J Recombination......Page 100 Early Steps in B Cell Maturation......Page 101 Role of the Pre-BCR Complex in B Cell Maturation......Page 103 Maturation and Selection of T Lymphocytes......Page 104 Early Steps in T Cell Maturation......Page 105 SUMMARY......Page 106 5 - T Cell–Mediated Immunity: Activation of T Lymphocytes......Page 108 PHASES OF T CELL RESPONSES......Page 109 Recognition of Peptide-MHC Complexes......Page 112 Role of Adhesion Molecules in T Cell Responses......Page 114 Role of Costimulation in T Cell Activation......Page 115 Stimuli for Activation of CD8+ T Cells......Page 117 BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS OF T CELL ACTIVATION......Page 118 Secretion of Cytokines and Expression of Cytokine Receptors......Page 121 Clonal Expansion......Page 122 Differentiation of Naive T Cells into Effector Cells......Page 123 MIGRATION OF T LYMPHOCYTES IN CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE REACTIONS......Page 125 DECLINE OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE......Page 128 SUMMARY......Page 129 TYPES OF T CELL–MEDIATED IMMUNE REACTIONS......Page 131 Subsets of CD4+ Helper T Cells Distinguished by Cytokine Profiles......Page 134 Th1 Cells......Page 135 Th2 Cells......Page 137 Development of Th2 Cells......Page 140 Th17 Cells......Page 141 Development of Th17 Cells......Page 142 DIFFERENTIATION AND FUNCTIONS OF CD8+ CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES......Page 143 RESISTANCE OF PATHOGENIC MICROBES TO CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY......Page 144 SUMMARY......Page 148 PHASES AND TYPES OF HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES......Page 149 Role of Innate Immune Signals in B Cell Activation......Page 153 Functional Consequences of B Cell Activation by Antigen......Page 155 Activation and Migration of Helper T Cells and B cells......Page 157 Presentation of Antigens by B Lymphocytes to Helper T Cells......Page 158 Extrafollicular and Germinal Center Reactions......Page 159 Heavy-Chain Isotype (Class) Switching......Page 161 Affinity Maturation......Page 164 ANTIBODY RESPONSES TO T-INDEPENDENT ANTIGENS......Page 166 REGULATION OF HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES: ANTIBODY FEEDBACK......Page 167 SUMMARY......Page 168 PROPERTIES OF ANTIBODIES THAT DETERMINE EFFECTOR FUNCTION......Page 170 NEUTRALIZATION OF MICROBES AND MICROBIAL TOXINS......Page 173 OPSONIZATION AND PHAGOCYTOSIS......Page 174 THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM......Page 176 Pathways of Complement Activation......Page 177 Functions of the Complement System......Page 180 Regulation of Complement Activation......Page 182 Mucosal Immunity......Page 183 Neonatal Immunity......Page 185 VACCINATION......Page 186 SUMMARY......Page 188 9 - Immunologic Tolerance and Autoimmunity: Self–Nonself Discrimination in the Immune System and Its Failure......Page 189 CENTRAL T LYMPHOCYTE TOLERANCE......Page 190 PERIPHERAL T LYMPHOCYTE TOLERANCE......Page 192 Anergy......Page 193 Regulation of T Cell Responses by Inhibitory Receptors......Page 194 Immune Suppression by Regulatory T Cells......Page 196 Deletion: Apoptosis of Mature Lymphocytes......Page 197 Central B Cell Tolerance......Page 199 Tolerance to Commensal Microbes in the Intestines and Skin......Page 200 Genetic Factors......Page 201 Role of Infections and Other Environmental Influences......Page 203 SUMMARY......Page 206 10 - Immunology of Tumors and Transplantation: Immune Responses to Cancer Cells and Normal Foreign Cells......Page 208 Tumor Antigens......Page 209 Immune Mechanisms of Tumor Rejection......Page 211 Evasion of Immune Responses by Tumors......Page 212 Passive Immunotherapy With Monoclonal Antibodies......Page 214 Adoptive T Cell Therapy......Page 215 Immune Checkpoint Blockade......Page 216 Stimulation of Host Antitumor Immune Responses by Vaccination With Tumor Antigens......Page 218 IMMUNE RESPONSES AGAINST TRANSPLANTS......Page 219 Induction of Immune Responses Against Transplants......Page 220 Immune Mechanisms of Graft Rejection......Page 223 Prevention and Treatment of Graft Rejection......Page 224 Transplantation of Blood Cells and Hematopoietic Stem Cells......Page 227 SUMMARY......Page 228 11 - Hypersensitivity: Disorders Caused by Immune Responses......Page 230 Activation of Th2 Cells and Production of IgE Antibody......Page 231 Activation of Mast Cells and Secretion of Mediators......Page 234 Clinical Syndromes and Therapy......Page 236 DISEASES CAUSED BY ANTIBODIES SPECIFIC FOR CELL AND TISSUE ANTIGENS......Page 237 Mechanisms of Antibody-Mediated Tissue Injury and Disease......Page 238 Examples and Treatment of Diseases Caused by Cell- or Tissue-Specific Antibodies......Page 240 DISEASES CAUSED BY ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES......Page 241 Etiology of T Cell–Mediated Diseases......Page 242 Mechanisms of Tissue Injury......Page 243 NEUROIMMUNOLOGY: INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE IMMUNE AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS......Page 244 SUMMARY......Page 246 12 - Congenital and Acquired Immunodeficiencies: Diseases Caused by Defective Immunity......Page 247 CONGENITAL (PRIMARY) IMMUNODEFICIENCIES......Page 248 Defects in Innate Immunity......Page 249 Defects in Lymphocyte Maturation......Page 250 Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)......Page 251 Defects in B Cell Responses......Page 252 Defective Activation of T Lymphocytes......Page 254 ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME......Page 255 Human Immunodeficiency Virus......Page 256 Pathogenesis of AIDS......Page 258 Clinical Features of HIV Infection and AIDS......Page 260 SUMMARY......Page 262 Cells of the Innate Immune System......Page 264 Non-Classical Antigen Presentation......Page 265 Memory T Cells......Page 266 Helper T Cell–Dependent Antibody Responses......Page 267 Regulatory T Cells......Page 268 Recognition and Rejection of Allogeneic Transplants......Page 269 Congenital (Primary) Immunodeficiencies......Page 270 HIV and AIDS......Page 271 A......Page 272 C......Page 275 D......Page 279 F......Page 280 G......Page 281 H......Page 282 I......Page 283 J......Page 286 L......Page 287 M......Page 288 N......Page 290 P......Page 291 R......Page 293 S......Page 294 T......Page 296 V......Page 298 Z......Page 299 I - Principal Features of Selected CD Molecules......Page 300 II - Cytokines......Page 308 CASE 1: LYMPHOMA......Page 312 Answers to Questions for Case 1......Page 313 CASE 2: HEART TRANSPLANTATION COMPLICATED BY ALLOGRAFT REJECTION......Page 314 Answers to Questions for Case 2......Page 316 CASE 3: ALLERGIC ASTHMA......Page 317 Answers to Questions for Case 3......Page 318 CASE 4: SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS......Page 319 CASE 5: HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION: ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME......Page 320 Answers to Questions for Case 5......Page 322 C......Page 325 H......Page 327 L......Page 328 R......Page 329 V......Page 330 Z......Page 331 IBC ......Page 339 This text emphasises the basic concepts and principles of human immunology. It includes review questions at the end of each chapter, key summary points throughout, and short, easy-to-read chapters. Meticulously reviewed and updated for today's medical students, Basic Immunology, 6th Edition, is a concise text expertly written by the same distinguished author team as the best-selling, comprehensive text, Cellular and Molecular Immunology. This focused, easy-to-understand volume uses full-color illustrations and clinical images, useful tables, and practical features such as Summary Point boxes, end-of-chapter review questions, glossary terms, and clinical cases-all designed to help students master this complex topic in the most efficient, effective manner possible.Emphasizes clinical aspects of immunology, including disease pathogenesis, the development of novel therapies based on basic science, and an appendix of clinical cases for real-world application.Provides top-notch instruction from experienced teachers, course directors, and lecturers led by well-known editor and author Dr. Abul Abbas. Features a highly readable writing style and practical organization, now with fully revised content and updated images to reflect recent important advances in today's understanding of the immune system. Provides additional online features such as answers to in-book chapter review questions, helpful animations, and self-assessment questions. Presents information in a format and style that maximizes usefulness to students and teachers studying medicine, allied health fields, and biology. Contains numerous features designed to help students understand key immunologic concepts: high-quality illustrations, practical tables, chapter outlines, bolded key points, and focus questions in every chapter for self-assessment and review. Includes an Enhanced eBook version with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices. Meticulously reviewed and updated for today's medical students, Basic Immunology, 6th Edition, is a concise text expertly written by the same distinguished author team as the best-selling, comprehensive text, Cellular and Molecular Immunology. This focused, easy-to-understand volume uses full-color illustrations and clinical images, useful tables, and practical features such as Summary Point boxes, end-of-chapter review questions, glossary terms, and clinical cases-all designed to help students master this complex topic in the most efficient, effective manner possible. Emphasizes clinical aspects of immunology, including disease pathogenesis, the development of novel therapies based on basic science, and an appendix of clinical cases for real-world application. Provides top-notch instruction from experienced teachers, course directors, and lecturers led by well-known editor and author Dr. Abul Abbas. Features a highly readable writing style and practical organization, now with fully revised content and updated images to reflect recent important advances in today's understanding of the immune system. Provides additional online features such as answers to in-book chapter review questions, helpful animations, and self-assessment questions. Presents information in a format and style that maximizes usefulness to students and teachers studying medicine, allied health fields, and biology. Contains numerous features designed to help students understand key immunologic concepts: high-quality illustrations, practical tables, chapter outlines, bolded key points, and focus questions in every chapter for self-assessment and review. Includes an Enhanced eBook version with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices Meticulously reviewed and updated for today's medical students, Basic Immunology, 6th Edition , is a concise text expertly written by the same distinguished author team as the best-selling, comprehensive text, Cellular and Molecular Immunology . This focused, easy-to-understand volume uses full-color illustrations and clinical images, useful tables, and practical features such as Summary Point boxes, end-of-chapter review questions, glossary terms, and clinical cases— all designed to help students master this complex topic in the most efficient, effective manner possible. Emphasizes clinical aspects of immunology , including disease pathogenesis, the development of novel therapies based on basic science, and an appendix of clinical cases for real-world application. Provides top-notch instruction from experienced teachers, course directors, and lecturers led by well-known editor and author Dr. Abul Abbas. Features a highly readable writing style and practical organization, now with fully revised content and updated images to reflect recent important advances in today's understanding of the immune system. Presents information in a format and style that maximizes usefulness to students and teachers studying medicine, allied health fields, and biology. Contains numerous features designed to help students understand key immunologic concepts : high-quality illustrations, practical tables, chapter outlines, bolded key points, and focus questions in every chapter for self-assessment and review. Evolve Instructor site with a downloadable image bank is available to instructors through their Elsevier sales rep or via request at: https://evolve.elsevier.com In this updated edition of Basic Immunology, the authors continue to deliver a clear, modern introduction to immunology, making this the obvious choice for today's busy students. Their experience as teachers, course directors, and lecturers helps them to distill the core information required to understand this complex field. Through the use of high-quality illustrations, relevant clinical cases, and concise, focused text, it's a perfectly accessible introduction to the workings of the human immune system, with an emphasis on clinical relevance. Features an appendix of clinical cases and CD molecules. Focus questions within each chapter are ideal for self-assessment and review. Key points bolded throughout the text make it easy to locate important information. -- Publisher Meticulously reviewed and updated for today s medical students, Basic Immunology, 6th Edition, is a concise text expertly written by the same distinguished author team as the best-selling, comprehensive text, Cellular and Molecular Immunology. This focused, easy-to-understand volume uses full-color illustrations and clinical images, useful tables, and practical features such as Summary Point boxes, end-of-chapter review questions, glossary terms, and clinical cases all designed to help students master this complex topic in the most efficient, effective manner possible. (Publisher)