Lycian Families in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods : A Regional Study of Inscriptions: Towards a Social and Legal Framework

Can we study the social and legal practices related to families in an ancient society even in the absence of relevant literary and legal sources? In Lycia, thanks to our rich corpus of inscriptions, and the regional funerary epigraphic habit, we can. This book brings together for the first time the full range of Lycian epigraphic evidence, examines it in a systematic way, and investigates three central elements of familial life in the Hellenistic and Roman periods: marriage, children, and inheritance practices; in doing so it briefly touches on a number of prosopographical, demographic, and anthropological questions. The book makes an innovative contribution not only to the history of Lycia but also to the wider study of ancient families. Contents Contents 6 Preface 10 Figures, Tables and Maps 12 Introduction 14 1 Geographical Definition of Lycia 18 2 Modern Literature on Lycian Families 21 3 The Funerary Epigraphy of Lycia in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods 24 3.1 Tomb Inscriptions 25 3.2 Commemorative Funerary Inscriptions 36 Chapter 1 Kinship and Family 42 1.1 Kinship Terminology 42 1.1.1 Lineal Ascendants 42 1.1.2 Lineal Descendants 44 1.1.3 Collateral Relatives 50 1.1.4 Connections through Marriage 62 1.2 Lycian Tomb Families 68 1.3 Household Structures 95 1.4 Kinship and Family Relations 104 Chapter 2 Marriage 107 2.1 Legitimacy of Marriage 107 2.1.1 Conjugal Terminology 107 2.1.1.1 ἀνήρ and γυνή 107 2.1.1.2 σύμβιος 110 2.1.1.3 γαμετή 112 2.1.1.4 πόσις and ἄλοχος 114 2.1.2 Dowry 114 2.1.3 Some Chronological Considerations 118 2.2 Endogamy 120 2.2.1 Sibling Marriages 121 2.2.2 Uncle-Niece Marriages 131 2.2.3 Marriages between Cousins 135 2.2.4 Analytical Overview of Endogamy in Lycian Society 145 2.3 Exogamy 150 2.3.1 Inter-City Marriage in Lycia 150 Appendix: The Origins of T. Flavius Titianus 155 2.3.1.1 The Legal Basis 158 2.3.1.2 Citizenship Rights of Immediate Family Members 160 2.3.2 Marriages between Lycians and Non-Lycians 171 2.3.2.1 Marriages with Resident Aliens 171 2.3.2.2 Marriages outside Lycia: The Case of Kibyra 175 2.4 Dissolution of Marriage and Re-marriage 179 2.4.1 Dissolution of Marriage through Divorce 179 2.4.2 Dissolution of Marriage by Death 180 2.4.3 Patchwork Families 183 2.4.4 Frequency of Re-marriage 187 2.5 Roman Citizens and matrimonium iustum 189 2.5.1 A Brief Overview of the Granting of Roman Citizenship and conubium in the Roman East 189 2.5.2 Marriages between Roman Citizens and peregrini in Lycia 197 Chapter 3 Children 206 3.1 Freeborn Biological Children and the Problem of Legitimacy 206 3.1.1 Legal Terminology 206 3.1.2 Nomenclature and Identification 207 3.1.2.1 Patronymics, Papponymics, Metronymics and Mammonymics 207 3.1.2.2 Some Difficulties with Patronymics and Metronymics 212 3.1.2.3 A General Analysis of Persons Identified through a Female Name in the Genitive 220 3.1.3 The Legal Status of Illegitimate Children 223 3.2 Adopted Children 230 3.2.1 Adoption Formulae and Terminology 230 3.2.2 Motives for Adoption 245 3.2.2.1 γηροτροφία 248 3.2.2.2 Transfer of Property 249 3.2.2.3 Tomb Cult 251 3.2.2.4 Conclusions on Motives for Adoption 263 3.2.3 Qualifications for Adopter and Adoptee 264 3.2.3.1 Adoption of Women 270 3.2.3.2 Adoption by Women 287 3.2.4 Roman Adoptions 292 3.2.4.1 Problems of Roman Adoptive Nomenclature 292 3.2.4.2 Adoptions between Roman Citizens and peregrini (?) 302 3.3 Other Children Raised in the Household (θρεπτός and Related Terms) 304 3.3.1 τρέφειν, ἀνατρέφειν 305 3.3.2 θρεπτός 310 3.3.3 τρόφιμος 316 3.3.4 σύντροφος 319 3.3.5 τροφεύς, τροφός 321 3.3.6 General Overview of Terminology Referring to Non-biological Children (excluding Adoptees) 323 Chapter 4 Property and Inheritance 324 4.1 Terminology and Phraseology Relating to Rights of Inheritance 324 4.1.1 ἀγχιστεῖς, ἔγγιστα γένους 324 4.1.2 κατὰ γένος, διὰ γένους 331 4.1.3 κατὰ διαθήκην and Similar Phrases 333 4.1.4 κληρονόμος and διάδοχος 335 4.2 Hereditary Tombs 338 4.3 Women and Property 344 4.3.1 Women as Tomb Owners 345 4.3.2 Women as ἐπίτροποι 349 4.3.3 Heiresses and Testatrices 350 Appendix 1: The Identity and Familial Stemma of Ktesikles alias Ktasadas 354 Appendix 2: The Family of Ptolemaios II, Grandson of Kolalemis 357 Conclusion 359 Bibliography 368 Index Locorum 393 Index of Greek, Latin and Lycian Terms and Phrases 412