Lung Health and the Exposome: How Environmental Factors Influence Lung Health (Respiratory Medicine)

This book is ideal for the practicing clinician looking to better understand how our environment impacts the lung. A compilation of reviews explores how clinicians can be aware and better determine environmental effects on lung health, and provides guidelines for medical providers to diagnose, counsel and mitigate risk. Various lung diseases are affected by the external environment. Asthma is common, however other airways diseases, such as interstitial lung disease, malignancies, and even adverse effects from reactions treatments for other medical conditions can affect the health of the lungs. While there are books and chapters written on occupational lung disease and environmental causes of asthma, the intent of this body of work is to address the exposome and the effects on a broader group of lung disease. In addition to information on traditional exposure sources, such as air pollution and occupational exposures, this resource explores newer areas of interest, including lung disease from recreational inhalants and the role of climate change on lung health. Written by expert respiratory specialists, the articles cover a wide range of topics, including: How air pollution effects airways disease, including asthma, COPD, and cystic fibrosis Risk factors and effects of indoor mold exposure Both medical and non-medical exposures that increase the risk of or cause interstitial lung disease (ILD) also known as diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD) Acute and chronic lung disease associated with recreational inhalants The epidemiologic and molecular mechanisms of air pollution effects on pulmonary hypertension Climate change and weather-related lung health issues Areas in this field that need further evaluation Preface Contents Contributors Air Matters: The Effect of Ozone and Traffic Related Air Pollution on the Airways Introduction Particulate Matter, Nitrogen Oxides, and Ozone Air Pollution (TRAP and Ozone) Effects on Lung Disease Epidemiology of Traffic Related and Ozone Air Pollution and Lung Health Pathophysiology of TRAP: Particulate Matter, Nitrogen Oxides, Ozone Clinical Implications of Traffic Related and Ozone Pollution Public Health and Prevention Summary/Conclusion References Environmental Factors on Lung Health in Cystic Fibrosis and Non-cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis Introduction Pathophysiology Effects of Air Pollution on Lung Function and Pulmonary Exacerbation in CF Effects of Air Pollution on Acquisition of Pulmonary Infections Effects of Indoor Mold Exposure Secondhand Smoke (SHS) Exposure on Lung Health in CF Effects of Rising Temperature and Climate Change on Lung Health in CF Effects of Air Pollution on Lung Function and Pulmonary Exacerbation in Non-CF Bronchiectasis Exposure to Arsenic and Bronchiectasis Summary References Molds and Respiratory Disease Introduction Basics Molds and Allergic Rhinitis Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis Asthma ABPA Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Toxic Mold Syndromes: Public Concerns and Current Scientific Knowledge Conclusion References Occupational Exposome and Lung Health Introduction Occupational Asthma Industry Associated Occupational Lung Disease Agricultural Associated Respiratory Disease Farmers Lung Organic Dust Toxic Syndrome Silo Fillers Disease Manufacturing Lung Disease Associated with Food Manufacturing Flavoring Associated Bronchiolitis Obliterans Lung Disease Associated with Textile Manufacturing Byssinosis Nylon Flock Workers Lung Mining and Heavy Industry Coal Dust Associated Lung Disease Silicosis Asbestosis Chronic Beryllium Disease Hard Metal Lung Disease Potential Pulmonary Impact of Unconventional Natural Gas Development Occupational Lung Disease in Military Personnel and First Responders Deployment Related Lung Disease World Trade Center Associated Lung Disease Evaluating and Managing Occupational Exposures References Environmental and Pollution Related Risks for Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Overview of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Epidemiology Pathophysiology Etiology Clinical Manifestations Investigations High-Resolution Computer Tomography (HRCT) Pulmonary Function Tests Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) Histopathology Diagnostic Criteria Treatment Prognosis Environmental Exposure and Influence of Pollution Antigen Identification Causative Antigens Farmer’s Lung Bird Fancier’s Lung (Avian Antigens) Metalworking Fluid HP Hot Tub Lung Fungal Exposure Chemical Exposure Environmental Associated Risk and Protecting Factors Air Pollution Pesticides Viral Infections Cigarette Smoking Prevention Future Directions References Lung Cancer in Never Smokers Introduction Epidemiology Non-tobacco Risk Factors for Lung Cancer Radon Environmental Tobacco Smoke Occupational Exposures Indoor Air Pollution Infections Tuberculosis Human Immunodeficiency Virus Human Papillomavirus Helicobacter Pylori Chronic Lung Diseases Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Sarcoidosis Electronic Cigarettes Clinical Presentation of Non-tobacco Related Lung Cancer Screening Conclusion References Acute and Chronic Lung Disease from Recreational Inhalants Introduction Electronic (e-)Cigarettes and Vaping Acute Pulmonary Complications of e-Cigarettes EVALI Chronic Pulmonary Complications of e-Cigarettes Marijuana Acute Pulmonary Complications of Inhalational Marijuana Use Chronic Pulmonary Complications of Marijuana Hookah Acute Pulmonary Complications of Hookah Chronic Pulmonary Complications of Hookah Other Recreational Inhalants Cocaine Methamphetamine Heroin and Other Opiates Phencyclidine (PCP) Commercial and Chemical Inhalants Conclusion References Pulmonary Hypertension and Air Pollution Introduction Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) Definition and Classification Pulmonary Vascular Disease and Air Pollution Pathobiology of PH and Air Pollution Limitations, Future Study, and Conclusions References Climate Change and the Lung Exposome Introduction Basic Concepts Pertaining to Climate and Climate Change Changes to the Lung Exposome in the Age of Climate Change Extreme Events The Smoldering Consequences of Climate Change In Conclusion References Index